Mutara III Rudahigwa

Mutara III Rudahigwa (March 1911<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – 25 July 1959) was King (umwami) of Rwanda between 1931 and 1959. He was the first Rwandan king to bring Catholicism to the country, being baptised Charles Léon Pierre. He is thus sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa.

Early life and education

Rudahigwa was born in March 1911,<ref name=rwa96a /> in the royal capital of Rwanda, Nyanza, to King Yuhi V Musinga,<ref name=dic199 /> and Queen Kankazi (later Queen Mother Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi), the first of his eleven wives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=hom67 /><ref name=nob25 /> He was a member of the Tutsi Abanyiginya clan.<ref name=clan />

In 1919 he began his education at the Colonial School for Chiefs' Sons in Nyanza, subsequently becoming his father's secretary in 1924.<ref name=dic199 /> In January 1929 he was appointed a chief and administered a province.<ref name=ethrev /><ref name=bef36 />

Reign

Rudahigwa acceded to the Rwandan throne on 16 November 1931, four days after the Belgian colonial administration deposed his father, Yuhi V Musinga<ref name=milhis /> for alleged contact with German agents.<ref> John Gunther, page 674 Inside Africa, published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London, 1955</ref> Rudahigwa took the regnal name Mutara,<ref name=dicxxviii /> and after his baptism as Charles Léon Pierre, he is sometimes referred to in full as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa.<ref name=dic7 />

In 1943, Rudahigwa was the first Rwandan king to convert to Catholicism.<ref name=dic199 /> His father had refused to convert: the Rwandan Catholic Church saw him as an anti-Christian impediment to their civilising mission.<ref name=dic25 /> From 1929, Rudahigwa had been instructed in Christianity by Bishop Léon Classe of the Apostolic Vicariate of Ruanda, and groomed by the Belgians to replace his father.<ref name=ethrev /> In 1946, Rudahigwa dedicated the country to Jesus Christ, effectively making Christianity the kingdom’s state religion.<ref name=dicxxviii /><ref name=com231 /> His conversion spearheaded a wave of baptisms in the protectorate.<ref name=dic199 /><ref name=pos207 />

His reign coincided with the worst recorded period of famine in Rwanda between 1941 and 1945, which included the Ruzagayura famine (1943–1944), during which time 200,000 out of the nation's population of around two million perished.<ref name=dicxxviii />

Rising ethnic tensions

Template:See also During Rudahigwa's reign there was a marked stratification of ethnic identity within Ruanda-Urundi, the Belgian-ruled mandate of which Rwanda formed the northern part. In 1935, the Belgian administration issued identity cards formalising the ethnic categories, Tutsi, Hutu and Twa.<ref name=atr33 /> After World War II, a Hutu emancipation movement began to grow throughout Ruanda-Urundi, fueled by increasing resentment of the interwar social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the Catholic Church.<ref name=twc42 /> Although in 1954, Rudhahigwa abolished the ubuhake system of indentured service that exploited Hutus,<ref name=dicxxix /> this had little real practical effect.<ref name=twc46 /><ref name=ide50 />

The monarchy and prominent Tutsi sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms,<ref name=trw43 /> culminating in Rudahigwa's demand for independence from Belgium in 1956.<ref name=dicxxix /> In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the Bahutu Manifesto. This political manifesto denounced the "exploitation" of the Hutus by the ethnic Tutsi and called for their liberation from first Tutsi, and then Belgian, rule.<ref name=dic82 /> Hutu political parties quickly formed after that, with future-president Gregoire Kayibanda forming the Hutu Social Movement (soon renamed MDR-PARMEHUTU), and Joseph Gitera creating Association for Social Promotion of the Masses (APROSOMA).<ref name=twc47 />

Death

On 24 July 1959, Rudahigwa arrived in Usumbura (now Bujumbura), Urundi, for a meeting with Belgian colonial authorities arranged by Father André Perraudin.<ref>Helen Codere 1973:293</ref> The following day, he visited his Belgian doctor at the colonial hospital, where he suddenly died.<ref name=ide55 /> Belgian authorities put out conflicting explanations for Rudahigwa’s death: one said he complained of a severe headache and upon treatment by his doctor, the king collapsed as he left the hospital of what was later determined, by three doctors, to be a cerebral haemorrhage. Another Belgian explanation was that he died from an adverse reaction to a penicillin shot. An autopsy was not done after objections from Queen Mother Kankazi.<ref name="lanhil" />

Rumours that he had been deliberately killed by the Belgian authorities were rife, and tensions rose: ordinary Rwandans gathered along routes and stoned Europeans' cars.<ref name="lanhil" /><ref name="rev262" /> Rumours that he was in poor health, suffering from the effects of excessive drinking,<ref name=lanhil /><ref name=poudro /> as well as the effects of untreated syphilis, are claims unverified by any evidence.<ref name=poudro /> A Twa attendant of the king said he was in great health at the time,<ref>Codere 1973: 293</ref> which is supported by his active engagement in sporting activities then, including vigorous games of tennis.

Rudahigwa was succeeded by his half-brother, Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa, as Kigeli V.<ref name="dicxxix" />

Personal life

Mutara III married Nyiramakomali on 15 October 1933 and they divorced in 1941. He married Rosalie Gicanda, a Christian, in a church wedding on 13 January 1942.<ref name=rwa96b/>

After Mutara III died, Queen Dowager Rosalie Gicanda remained in Butare. She was among those killed in the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi on the orders of Ildéphonse Nizeyimana. He was later detained, convicted by a UN war crimes court, and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name=bbcniz />

In 1953, the American writer John Gunther interviewed Mutara III in preparation for his book Inside Africa. In this work, Mutara III was described as a sombre and sober person, lean and handsome in appearance, and six foot nine inches in height. He spoke excellent French, and professed loyalty to Belgium and indifference to the United Nations trusteeship of that period.<ref> John Gunther, page 674 Inside Africa, published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London, 1955</ref>

Honours

National

• File:D-HAN-B-Order-Ernest-August BAR.png Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), founded 1959<ref>The Equestrian Heritage of the Royal House of Rwanda</ref>

Foreign

• Template:Flagicon File:BEL Order of Leopold II - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Belgian Order of Leopold II, 1955, Commander 1947<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Flagicon File:GC.OrdineS.GregorioMagno.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, 1947 through Archbishop Giovanni Battista Dellepiane, Apostolic Delegate to Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

External links

• Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire
• Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda, Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi (1950) (in French). Detailed genealogical record of Rwandan nobility:
• Scanned copy [1]
• Plain text copy [2]