Nacirema
Template:Short description Template:Primary sources Nacirema ("American" spelled backwards) is a term used in anthropology and sociology in relation to aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of the United States. The neologism attempts to create a deliberate sense of self-distancing in order that American anthropologists might look at their own culture more objectively, thus comparing emic and etic views of it.
"Body Ritual among the Nacirema"Edit
Template:Sister project The original use of the term in a social science context was in "Body Ritual among the Nacirema", which satirizes anthropological papers on "other" cultures, and the culture of the United States. Horace Mitchell Miner wrote the paper and originally published it in the June 1956 edition of American Anthropologist.<ref name= Miner>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the paper, Miner describes the Nacirema, a little-known tribe living in North America. The way in which he writes about the curious practices that this group performs distances readers from the fact that the North American group described actually corresponds to modern-day Americans of the mid-1950s.
Miner presents the Nacirema as a group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. The paper describes the typical Western ideal for oral cleanliness, as well as providing an outside view on hospital care and on psychiatry.<ref name = Miner /> The Nacirema are described as having a highly developed market economy that has evolved within a rich natural habitat.<ref name = "Miner" />
Miner's article became a popular work, reprinted in many introductory textbooksTemplate:Cn and used as an example of process analysis in the literature text The Bedford Reader. The article received the most reprint permission requests of any article in American Anthropologist.
Some of the popular aspects of Nacirema culture include: medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists), a charm-box (medicine cabinet), the mouth-rite ritual (brushing teeth), and a cultural hero known as Notgnihsaw (Washington spelled backwards).<ref name = Miner /> These ritual purification practices are prescribed as how humans should comport themselves in the presence of sacred things. These sacred aspects are the rituals that the Nacirema partake in throughout their lives.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
"The mysterious fall of the Nacirema"Edit
In 1972, Neil B. Thompson revisited the Nacirema after the fall of their civilization. Thompson's paper, unlike Miner's, primarily offered a social commentary focused on environmental issues. Thompson paid special attention to the Elibomotua (automobile backwards) cult and its efforts to modify the environment.
This article is reprinted and appears as the final chapter in an anthology, Nacirema: Readings on American Culture. The volume contains an array of scholarly investigations into American social anthropology as well as one more article in the Nacirema series, by Willard Walker of Wesleyan University: "The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and the ti'ycir (teacher) Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture" which laments the corrosive and subjugating ritual of attending sguwlz (schools).<ref name= "Walker Caste">Template:Cite journal</ref> On phonology, the anthropologist notes:
This refers to the traditional enumeration of the 5 vowel letters in the English alphabet (A, E, I, O, and U), which is in contrast to the much larger number (varying between accents) of distinct vowel sounds in the language (see English phonology#Vowels).
Nacirema vs. TeamstervilleEdit
Gerry Philipsen (1992) studies what he terms "speech codes" among the Nacirema, which he contrasts with the speech codes of another semi-fictionalized group of Americans, the inhabitants of Teamsterville culture. His Nacirema comprises primarily middle-class west-coast Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Template:Anl, with a character named after the anagram of "America"
- Template:Anl, another portrayal of America through a lens of etic distance
- Motel of the Mysteries (1979), an illustrated book by David Macaulay depicting burial customs of the "Yanks of East Usa"
ReferencesEdit
Additional bibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
- Body Ritual among the Nacirema (PDF) from American Anthropologist, June 1956
- Body Ritual among the Nacirema in Wikisource format.
- The Mysterious Fall of the Nacirema from Natural History, December 1972 (Internet Archive Aug 07, 2004 version)
- "Battle RItual among the Nacirema" by Finn Johannson at Ethnography.com (2015)
- Who are the Nacirema from Living Anthropologically, (2013, revised 2018)