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Nathuram Godse

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Template:Short description Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox criminal Nathuram Vinayak Godse (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) (Template:Pronunciation) was an Indian Hindu nationalist and political activist who was the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=howlett-gandhi-godse>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Sfn He shot Gandhi in the chest three times at point blank range at a multi-faith prayer meeting in Birla House in New Delhi on 30 January 1948.<ref name="CushRobinson2008">Template:Cite book Quote: "The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan." (p. 544)</ref><ref name="frontline1">Template:Cite news</ref>

Godse was a member of the political party, the Hindu Mahasabha;Template:Sfn and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary volunteer organization;Template:Sfn and a popularizer of the work of his mentor Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who had created the ideology of Hindutva.<ref name=sources-indian-traditions-godse>Template:Citation</ref>

Godse had two unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Mahatma Gandhi in 1944 before he succeeded the third time.<ref name="Newton">Template:Cite book</ref> After the 1948 assassination, Godse claimed Gandhi favoured the political demands of British India's Muslims during the partition of India of 1947.<ref name="CushRobinson2008"/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Soon after Mahatma Gandhi had fallen from the fatal shots at the prayer meeting, and while the attendant crowd was in shock, Godse was grasped and restrained by Herbert Reiner Jr., a vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi who was also attending; eventually, Godse was taken away by the police.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/><ref name=nyt-reiner/><ref name=globe-reiner-obit/> Godse had plotted the assassination with Narayan Apte and six others. After a trial that lasted over a year, Godse was sentenced to death on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for clemency were made by Gandhi's two sons, Manilal Gandhi and Ramdas Gandhi, they were turned down by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel, and Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari,<ref name="godse-commutation" /> and Godse was executed at the Ambala Central Jail on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009" />

Early lifeEdit

Nathuram Vinayakrao Godse was born into a Maharashtrian Chitpavan Brahmin family.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His father, Vinayak Vamanrao Godse, was a postal employee; his mother was Lakshmi (née Godavari). At birth, he was named Ramachandra.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nathuram was given his name due to his parents' fear that a curse targeted their male children, caused by the loss of their three previous sons. Young Ramachandra was therefore brought up as a girl for the first few years of his life, including having his nose pierced and being made to wear a nose-ring (nath in Marathi). It was then that he earned the nickname "Nathuram" (literally "Ram with a nose-ring"). After his younger brother was born, they switched to treating him as a boy.<ref name=Nosering>Template:Cite book</ref>

Godse attended the local school at Baramati through the fifth standard, after which he was sent to live with an aunt in Pune so that he could study at an English-language school.Template:Citation needed

Political career and beliefsEdit

File:Nathuram.jpg
Group photo of people accused in the murder of Mahatma Gandhi. Standing (L to R): Shankar Kistaiya, Gopal Godse, Madan Lal Pahwa, Digambar Ramchandra Badge. Seated (L to R): Narayan Apte, Vinayak D. Savarkar, Nathuram Godse, Vishnu Karkare

Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with Hindu nationalist organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS; National Volunteer Organisation) and Hindu Mahasabha, although the exact dates of his membership are uncertain.<ref>The Hindu (18 August 2004). [1] "RSS releases 'proof' of its innocence". Retrieved 26 June 2007</ref><ref name="RSSRefutal">IANS, RSS denies Godse was its member, rebuts Cong claim, Zee News, 30 December 2010</ref>

RSS membershipEdit

Godse joined RSS in Sangli (Maharashtra) in 1932 as a boudhik karyawah (ground worker), and simultaneously remained a member of the Hindu Mahasabha, both right-wing organisations. He often wrote articles in newspapers to publicise his thoughts. During this time, Godse and M. S. Golwalkar, later RSS chief, often worked together, and they translated Babarao Savarkar's book "Rashtra Mimansa" into English. They had a falling out when Golwalkar took the entire credit for this translation.Template:Citation needed In the early 1940s, Godse formed his own organisation, "Hindu Rashtra Dal"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> on the Vijayadashami day of 1942,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though he continued to remain a member of the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha.<ref name="et">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1946, Godse claimed to have left the RSS and moved to the Hindu Mahasabha over the issue of the partition of India. However, historical sources do not corroborate this claim; an investigation published by The Caravan in January 2020 revealed that up until his final days, Godse was listed as a member in records kept by the RSS of meetings that took place long after he was supposed to have left the organisation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His family has also said that he had never left the RSS, highlighting that he held membership at the RSS as well as the Hindu Mahasabha.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Godse's 1946 claim is also refuted by his first deposition in Marathi after he assassinated Gandhi, where he says that while he did join the Hindu Mahasabha, "I remained active in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh."

Assassination of Mahatma GandhiEdit

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In May 1944, Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at Panchgani. Godse and his group was prevented by the crowds from reaching Gandhi. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/>

In September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from Sevagram to Mumbai. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/>

At 05:05 pm on 30 January 1948, as Gandhi made his way to a prayer meeting on a raised lawn behind Birla House, a mansion in New Delhi, where he was staying, Godse stepped out of the crowd flanking his path to the dais. He fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/> Gandhi fell immediately, sending the attendant crowd into a state of shock.<ref name=bbc-stimpson>Template:Citation</ref> Herbert Reiner Jr., a 32-year-old vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi, was the first to rush forward and grasp Godse by the shoulders, spinning him into the arms of some military personnel, who disarmed him.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="bbc-stimpson"/> Reiner then held Godse by the neck and shoulders until he was taken away by the military and police.<ref name=globe-reiner-obit>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=nyt-reiner>Template:Citation</ref> Reiner reported later that in the moments before he apprehended him, Godse looked a little stunned at how easily he had carried out his plan.<ref name=stratton>Template:Citation</ref> Gandhi was taken back to his room in Birla House, where he died soon thereafter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Trial and executionEdit

Godse was put on trial at the Punjab High Court, at Peterhoff, Shimla. On 8 November 1949, he was sentenced to death. Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, Manilal Gandhi and Ramdas Gandhi, they were turned down by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel and Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari,<ref name=godse-commutation>Template:Citation</ref> and Godse was hanged at Ambala Central Jail on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">Template:Citation</ref>

AftermathEdit

Millions of Indians mourned Gandhi's assassination; the Hindu Mahasabha was vilified and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was temporarily banned.

The RSS has consistently denied any connection with Godse. It has maintained that Godse "left RSS in the mid-1930s".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Nathuram Godse's brother Gopal Godse stated that all the Godse brothers were members of the RSS at the time of the assassination and blamed the RSS for disowning them.<ref name="frontline_1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The other members of the Godse family too have denied that he ever left the RSS. He remained in the position of boudhik karyawah (intellectual worker) in the RSS till his death.<ref name="et"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Attempts at image rehabilitationEdit

Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy (This is Nathuram Godse Speaking) is a two-act play written in the Marathi language by Pradeep Dalvi.<ref name="HT-20110204">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is based on the book May It Please Your Honour written by Gopal Godse. According to Karline McLain, the play "enacts Godse's defense plea" and thus "explores the assassination of Gandhi and the trial of Godse from Godse's point of view.<ref name="McLain2009">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2014, following the Bharatiya Janata Party's rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha began attempts to rehabilitate Godse and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister Narendra Modi to install a bust of Godse. It created a documentary film Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.<ref name=mahasabha> Template:Cite news</ref> There were attempts to build a temple for Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a Shaurya Diwas ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In May 2019, in the lead up to the final phase of Indian elections, BJP's candidate from Bhopal, Pragya Thakur, called Godse a "patriot".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Facing intense backlash, she apologised later.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As Hindutva politics became more widespread in India, there have been attempts to commemorate Godse. The city of Meerut was proposed to be renamed after him but the possibility of such a name change was ruled out by the District Magistrate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

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NotesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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External linksEdit

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