Nemean lion
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The Nemean lion (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Langx) was a monster in Greek mythology that lived at Nemea. Eventually, it was killed by Heracles (Hercules). Because its golden fur was impervious to attack, it could not be killed with mortals' weapons. Its claws were sharper than mortals' swords and could cut through any strong armour. In Bibliotheca, Photius wrote that the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples, was his brother.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ParentsEdit
Hesiod has the Nemean lion as the offspring of Orthus and an ambiguous "she", often understood as probably referring to the Chimera, or possibly to Echidna or even Ceto.<ref>The referent of "she" at Hesiod, Theogony 326 is uncertain, see Clay, pp. 159–160, with n. 34; Most, p. 29 n. 20 ("Probably Chimaera"); Hard, p. 63 ("Chimaira (or conceivably with his mother Echidna)"); Gantz, p. 23 ("[Chimera] ... or just possibly Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326 ("either Echidna or Chimaira"); West 1966, p. 356 line 326 ἡ δ' ἄρα ("much more likely ... Chimaera" than Echidna).</ref> According to Hesiod, the lion was raised by Hera and sent to terrorise the hills of Nemea.<ref>Hesiod, Theogony 327–329</ref> According to Apollodorus,<ref name="Apollod 2.5.1">Apollodorus, 2.5.1</ref> he was the offspring of Typhon. In another tradition, told by Aelian (citing Epimenides) and Hyginus, the lion was "sprung from" the moon-goddess Selene, who threw him from the Moon at Hera's request.<ref>Hard, p. 256; Aelian, 12.7; Hyginus, Fabulae 30</ref>
First labour of HeraclesEdit
The first of Heracles' twelve labours, set by King Eurystheus (his cousin), was to slay the Nemean lion.
Heracles wandered the area until he came to the town of Cleonae. There, he met a boy who said that if Heracles slew the Nemean lion and returned alive within 30 days, the town would sacrifice a lion to Zeus; if he did not return within 30 days or he died, the boy would sacrifice himself to Zeus.<ref name="Apollod 2.5.1"/> Another version claims that he met Molorchos, a shepherd who had lost his son to the lion, saying that if he came back within 30 days, a ram would be sacrificed to Zeus. If he did not return within 30 days, it would be sacrificed to the dead Heracles as a mourning offering.
While searching for the lion, Heracles fetched some arrows to use against it, not knowing that its golden fur was impenetrable; when he found the lion and shot at it with his bow, he discovered the fur's protective property when the arrow bounced harmlessly off the creature's thigh. After some time, Heracles made the lion return to his cave. The cave had two entrances, one of which Heracles blocked; he then entered the other. In those dark and close quarters, Heracles stunned the beast with his club. He eventually killed it by strangling it with his bare hands.
After slaying the lion, he tried to skin it with a knife from his belt, but failed. He then tried sharpening the knife with a stone and even tried with the stone itself. Finally, Athena, noticing the hero's plight, told Heracles to use one of the lion's own claws to skin the pelt.
When Heracles returned on the thirtieth day carrying the carcass of the lion on his shoulders, King Eurystheus was amazed and terrified. Eurystheus forbade him ever again to enter the city; in the future, he was to display the fruits of his labours outside the city gates. Eurystheus warned him that the tasks set for him would become increasingly difficult. He then sent Heracles off to complete his next quest, which was to destroy the Lernaean Hydra.
Heracles wore the Nemean lion's coat after killing it, as it was impervious to the elements and all but the most powerful weapons. Others say that Heracles' armour was, in fact, the hide of the Lion of Cithaeron.
According to Alexander of Myndus, Heracles was helped in this labour by an Earth-born serpent, which followed him to Thebes and settled down in Aulis. It was later identified as the water snake which devoured the sparrows and was turned into stone in the prophecy about the Trojan War.<ref>Daniel Ogden, Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds</ref>
In artEdit
- Herakles Nemean lion Louvre L31.jpg
White-ground lekythos, ca. 500-475 BC, from Athens, by Diosphos Painter
- Met, gandhara, hercules and the nemean lion, 1st century.JPG
Gandhara, India, 1st century
- Mathura statue of Herakles strangling the Nemaean lion.jpg
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- Il moderno, ercole con il leone neemeo, 1488-89.JPG
Renaissance plaque by Galeazzo Mondella
- Hércules lucha con el león de Nemea, por Zurbarán.jpg
Painting by Francisco de Zurbarán (1634)
- Lucha de Heracles con el león de Nemea.jpg
Marble by J.M. Félix Magdalena (b. 1941)
- Mètopa del temple de Zeus d'Olímpia amb representació d'Hèracles i el lleó de Nemea (Museu Arqueològic d'Olímpia).jpg
Temple of Zeus at Olympia metope 1
- Hercules and the Nemean Lion.jpg
Marble in the Münchner Residenz
See alsoEdit
- History of lions in Europe
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- Lion of Cithaeron
- Kangla Sha
- Nongshaba
- Tsavo Man-Eaters
- Mfuwe man-eating lion
- Panthera spelaea
- Smilodon
- Leo (astrology)
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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- Hesiod, Theogony, in Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most. Loeb Classical Library No. 57. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Most, G.W., Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press.
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