Ol Chiki script

The Ol Chiki ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) script, also known as Ol Chemetʼ ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss), Ol Ciki, Ol, and sometimes as the Santali alphabet is the official writing system for Santali, an Austroasiatic language recognized as an official regional language in India. It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925. It has 30 letters, the design of which is intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right, and has two styles (the print Chapa style and cursive Usara style). Unicode does not maintain a distinction between these two, as is typical for print and cursive variants of a script. In both styles, the script is unicameral (that is, it does not have separate sets of uppercase and lowercase letters).

The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters.{{#if:Norman ZideA portal for Santals<ref name="portal"/>|{{#if:|}}

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History

The Ol Chiki script was created in 1925 by Raghunath Murmu for the Santali language, and publicized first in 1939 at a Mayurbhanj State exhibition.<ref name="Hembram">Template:Cite book</ref> Unlike most Indic scripts, Ol Chiki is not an abugida, but is a true alphabet: giving the vowels equal representation with the consonants.

File:Raghunath Murmu portrait.png

Raghunath Murmu, Creator of Ol Chiki script

Before the invention of Ol Chiki script, Santali was written in Bangla, Devanagari, Kalinga and Latin script. However, Santali is not an Indo-Aryan language and Indic scripts did not have letters for all of Santal's phonemes, especially its stop consonants and vowels, which make it difficult to write the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script.

For example, when missionary and linguist Paul Olaf Bodding, a Norwegian, studied the Santali language and needed to decide how to transcribe it (in producing his widely followed and widely respected reference books such as A Santal Dictionary), he decided to transcribe Santhali in the Roman alphabet: despite his observation that Roman script lacks many of the advantages of the Indic scripts, he concluded that the Indic scripts could not adequately serve the Santali language because the Indic scripts lack a way to indicate important features of Santali pronunciation (such as glottalization, combined glottalization and nasalization, and checked plosives, which can be more easily represented in the Roman alphabet through the use of diacritics.<ref name="A Glimpse of Santali Grammar page 05">Template:Cite book</ref>

The phonology of the Santali language had also been similarly analyzed by various other authors, including Byomkes Chakrabarti in Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali and Baghrai Charan Hembram in A Glimpse of Santali Grammar. However, the Ol Chiki alphabet is considered (by many Santali) to be even more appropriate for the language, because its letter-shapes are derived from the sounds of common Santali words and other frequent Santali morphemes:Template:Efn nouns, demonstratives, adjectives, and verb roots in the Santali language.<ref name="A Glimpse of Santali Grammar, page 01">Template:Cite book</ref> In other words, each Santali letter's name is, or is derived from, a common word or other element of the Santali language, and each letter's shape is derive from a simple drawing of the meaning of that word or other element. For example, the Santali letter “ol” (representing the sound /l/) is written with a shape originally derived from a simplified outline drawing of a hand holding a pen, because the name of this letter is also the Santali word for “writing.”

Print and cursive styles

File:Ol chiki cursive.png

The image shows Ol Chiki Chapa/print and Usara/cursive styles, with the chapa style of each letter written in the first row, and the corresponding usara style in the second row

The existence of these two styles of Ol Chiki was mentioned by the script's creator: Guru Gonke Pandit Raghunath Murmu (also known as Pandit Murmu) in his book Ol Chemed<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> which explains and teaches the Ol Chiki script.Template:Efn Chhapa (Santali for 'print') is used for publication, while usaraà (Santali for 'quick') is used for handwriting.

Chhapa hand

Ol Chiki chhapa, or print style, is the more common style for digital fonts, and is used in the printing of books and newspapers.

Usaraà hand

Usaraà or usaraà ol is the cursive style, and is largely limited to pen and paper, though there are digital usaraà typefaces. Differences include the diacritic ahad, which in print style is used with Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, and Template:Large, all of which can form ligatures with Template:Large in cursive.<ref name="L205243"/> Further, cursive usaraà seldom uses several letter-shapes which are formed by combining the letter Template:Large and the four semi-consonants Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, and Template:Large with ahad; instead, these are generally written in a shorter form, as Template:Large.

Letters

The values of the Ol Chiki letters are as follows:

Letter	Name	IPA<ref name="WWS"/>	Transliteration					Shape<ref name="portal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
			ALA-LC<ref name="ALALC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> !! Zide<ref name="WWS">Template:Cite book</ref> !! Deva.<ref name="L205243"/> !! Beng.<ref name="L205243"/> !! Odia<ref name="L205243"/>
Template:Huge	la	/ɔ/	a	ọ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	burning fire
Template:Huge	at	/t/	t	t	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	the Earth
Template:Huge	ag	/kʼ/, /g/	g	kʼ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	vomiting mouth, which produces the same sound as the name of the letter
Template:Huge	ang	/ŋ/	ṃ	ṅ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	blowing air
Template:Huge	al	/l/	l	l	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	writing
Template:Huge	laa	/a/	ā	a	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	working in the field with a spade
Template:Huge	aak	/k/	k	k	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	bird (sound of a swan)
Template:Huge	aaj	/cʼ/, /ɟ/	j	cʼ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	person pointing towards a third person with the right hand (saying “he”)
Template:Huge	aam	/m/	m	m	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	person pointing towards a second person with the left hand (saying “you”)
Template:Huge	aaw	/w/, /v/	w	w	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	opening lips
Template:Huge	li	/i/	i	i	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	bending tree
Template:Huge	is	/s/	s	s	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	plow
Template:Huge	ih	/ʔ/, /h/	ẖ	h	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	hands up
Template:Huge	iny	/ɲ/	ñ	ñ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	person pointing towards himself/herself with the left hand
Template:Huge	ir	/r/	r	r	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	sickle used for cutting or reaping
Template:Huge	lu	/u/	u	u	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	vessel used for preparing food
Template:Huge	uch	/c/	c	c	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	peak of a mountain which is usually high
Template:Huge	ud	/tʼ/, /d/	d	tʼ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	mushroom or umbrella
Template:Huge	unn	/ɳ/	ṇ	ṇ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	picture of a flying bee (which Is described by Santali speakers as making this sound)
Template:Huge	uy	/j/	y	y	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	a man bending towards the ground to cut something
Template:Huge	le	/e/	e	e	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	overflowing rivers changing course
Template:Huge	ep	/p/	p	p	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	person receiving with both hands
Template:Huge	edd	/ɖ/	ḍ	ḍ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	a man with two legs stretching towards his chest and mouth
Template:Huge	en	/n/	n	n	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	threshing grains with two legs
Template:Huge	err	/ɽ/	ṛ	ṛ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	a path that turns to avoid an obstruction or a danger
Template:Huge	lo	/o/	o	o	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	a mouth when sounding this letter
Template:Huge	ott	/ʈ/	ṭ	ṭ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	camel hump
Template:Huge	ob	/pʼ/, /b/	b	pʼ	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	curly hair
Template:Huge	ov	/w̃/	ṅ	w̃	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	nasalized
Template:Huge	oh	/ʰ/	h	(C)h	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	a man throwing something with one hand

Aspirated consonants are written as digraphs with the letter Template:Large:<ref name="TUS"/><ref name="L205243">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Large /tʰ/, Template:Large /gʱ/, Template:Large /kʰ/, Template:Large /jʱ/, Template:Large /cʰ/, Template:Large /dʱ/, Template:Large /pʰ/, Template:Large /ɖʱ/, Template:Large /ɽʱ/, Template:Large /ʈʰ/, and Template:Large /bʱ/.

Other marks

Ol Chiki employs several marks which are placed after the letter they modify (there are no combining characters):

Mark	Name	Description
Template:Huge	găhlă ṭuḍăg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Large ŏ /ɔ/, Template:Large ă /ə/, and Template:Large ĕ /ɛ/. The phonetic difference between Template:Large and Template:Large is not clearly defined and there may be only a marginal phonemic difference between the two. Template:Large is rarely used. ALA-LC transliterates Template:Large as "ạ̄".<ref name="ALALC"/>
Template:Huge	mũ ṭuḍăg	This raised dot indicates nasalization of the preceding vowel: Template:Large /ɔ̃/, Template:Large /ã/, Template:Large /ĩ/, Template:Large /ũ/, Template:Large /ẽ/, and Template:Large /õ/. ALA-LC transliteration uses "m̐" after the affected vowel.<ref name="ALALC"/>
Template:Huge	mũ găhlă ṭuḍăg	This colon-like mark is used to mark a nasalized extended vowel. It is a combination of mũ ṭuḍăg and găhlă ṭuḍăg: Template:Large /ɔ̃/, Template:Large /ə̃/, and Template:Large /ɛ̃/.
Template:Huge	relā	This tilde-like mark indicates the prolongation of any oral or nasalized vowel. Compare Template:Large /e/ with Template:Large /eː/. It comes after the găhlă ṭuḍăg for extended vowels: Template:Large /ɛː/. It is omitted in ALA-LC transliteration.<ref name="ALALC"/>
Template:Huge	ahad	This special letter indicates the deglottalization of a consonant in the word-final position. It preserves the morphophonemic relationship between the glottalized (ejective) and voiced equivalents of consonants.<ref name="TUS"/> For example, Template:Large represents a voiced /g/ when word initial but an ejective /kʼ/ when in the word-final position. A voiced /g/ in the word-final position is written as Template:Large. The ahad is used with Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, and Template:Large which can form cursive ligatures with Template:Large in handwriting (but not usually in printed text).<ref name="L205243"/> ALA-LC transliteration uses an apostrophe (ʼ) to represent an ahad.<ref name="ALALC"/>
Template:Huge	phārkā	This hyphen-like mark serves as a glottal protector (the opposite function as the ahad.) It preserves the ejective sound, even in the word-initial position. Compare Template:Large /gɔ/ with Template:Large /kʼɔ/. The phārkā is only used with Template:Large, Template:Large, Template:Large, and Template:Large. It is omitted in ALA-LC transliteration.<ref name="ALALC"/>

Numerals

Ol Chiki has its own numerals:

Hindu-Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Ol Chiki	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large	Template:Large

Punctuation

Some Western-style punctuation marks are used with Ol Chiki: the comma (,), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and quotation marks (“ and ”).

The period/fullstop (.) is not used, because it is visually confusible with the găhlă ṭuḍăg mark (ᱹ).;<ref name="L205243"/> therefore, instead of periods, the script uses single or two Ol Chiki short dandas:

• Template:Large (mucăd) marks a minor break
• Template:Large (double mucăd) marks a major break

Computing

Unicode

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Ol Chiki script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

The Unicode block for Ol Chiki is U+1C50–U+1C7F: Template:Unicode chart Ol Chiki

Fonts

• Google's Noto Sans Ol Chiki.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Microsoft's font family Nirmala UI.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mixing the two letter styles

Although Ol Chiki (Chapa) and Ol Chiki (Usara) are normally never mixed, and the original inventor never mentioned mixing these letter styles, there have been some works that mix both forms, using them like English capital and small letters. However, this innovation is yet to be accepted officially.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite press release</ref>

The invention of a lower case for Ol Chiki

Since 2017, Santali graphic designer, typographer, and film producer Sudip Iglesias Murmu has been working on design principles to provide a lowercase alphabet form for Ol Chiki, which would permit Ol Chiki writing and keyboarding to use a two-case, or bicameral, format (Using both uppercase and lowercase), as is done in many other written languages, including the Roman-alphabet languages such as English (all of which were once unicameral scripts, but evolved into a bicameral stage over time). As the development of a lowercase form is contributed to developing a standardized cursive form (in those writing systems which use one), the evolution of lowercase is likely to allow standardizing cursive to the point of making it type able alongside more rigid "block" printed letterforms forms So far, only Ol Chiki (Chapa) letters are used in keyboarding, typesetting, and publishing (in effect, producing capitals-only text for the entirety of all printed or keyboarded documents). In writing quickly by hand, Ol Chiki (Usara) is used: but, despite Ol Usara's potential for reaching high speed, the circulation of Ol Usara documents is negligible, and Ol Usara is yet to receive Unicode standardization, thus leaving it still neglected.

In hopes to remedy this situation and to harmonize the two scripts, Sudip Iglesias Murmu has innovated by creating a series of lowercase letters, which he has integrated with the already existing font of Ol Chiki. According to him, providing lowercase letters increases the efficiency of keyboarding, both for Ol Chiki (Chapa) and for Ol Chiki (Usara), and allows keyboarding to reach the same speed that can be obtained when typing Santali in Roman-alphabet letters, which are likewise case-sensitive. However, his work is yet to be accepted officially.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Byomkes Chakrabarti (a Bengali research worker on ethnic languages)
• Santali Latin alphabet
• Turia Chand Baskey