Old Nubian
Template:Short description Template:Not confuse {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:SpecialChars Old Nubian (also called Middle Nubian or Old Nobiin) is an extinct Nubian language, attested in writing from the 8th to the 15th century AD. It is ancestral to modern-day Nobiin and closely related to Dongolawi and Kenzi. It was used throughout the kingdom of Makuria, including the eparchy of Nobatia. The language is preserved in more than a hundred pages of documents and inscriptions, both of a religious nature (homilies, prayers, hagiographies, psalms, lectionaries), and related to the state and private life (legal documents, letters), written using adaptation of the Coptic alphabet.
HistoryEdit
_in_written_in_Old_Nubian._9th-10_century_CE._From_Qasr_Ibrahim,_Egypt._British_Museum.jpg){kind=link}
Old Nubian, according to historical linguists, was the spoken language of the oldest inhabitants of the Nile valley. Adams, Berhens, Griffith and Bechhause-Gerst agree that Nile Nubian has its origins in the Nile valley.<ref>Nubia: Corridor to Africa</ref>
Old Nubian is one of the oldest written African languages and appears to have been adopted from the 10th–11th century as the main language for the civil and religious administration of Makuria. Besides Old Nubian, Koine Greek was widely used, especially in religious contexts, while Coptic mainly predominates in funerary inscriptions.Template:Sfn Over time, more and more Old Nubian began to appear in both secular and religious documents (including the Bible), while several grammatical aspects of Greek, including the case, agreement, gender, and tense morphology underwent significant erosion.Template:Sfn The consecration documents found with the remains of archbishop Timotheos suggest, however, that Greek and Coptic continued to be used into the late 14th century, by which time Arabic was also in widespread use.
Writing systemEdit
The script in which nearly all Old Nubian texts have been written is a slanted uncial variant of the Coptic alphabet, originating from the White Monastery in Sohag.Template:Sfn The alphabet included three additional letters Template:Script {{#invoke:IPA|main}}and Template:Script {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and Template:Script {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the first two deriving from the Meroitic alphabet. The presence of these characters suggest that although the first written evidence of Old Nubian dates to the 8th century, the script must have already been developed in the 6th century, following the collapse of the Meroitic state.Template:Sfn Additionally, Old Nubian used the variant Template:Script for the Coptic letter Template:Script.
The characters Template:Script only appear in Greek loanwords. Gemination was indicated by writing double consonants; long vowels were usually not distinguished from short ones. Old Nubian featured two digraphs: Template:Script {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Template:Script {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. A diaeresis over Template:Script (Template:Script) was used to indicate the semivowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In addition, Old Nubian featured a supralinear stroke, which could indicate:
- a vowel that formed the beginning of a syllable or was preceded by Template:Script;
- an /i/ preceding a consonant.
Modern Nobiin is a tonal language; if Old Nubian was tonal as well, the tones were not marked.
Punctuation marks included a high dot •, sometimes substituted by a double backslash \\ (Template:Script), which was used roughly like an English period or colon; a slash / (Template:Script), which was used like a question mark; and a double slash // (Template:Script), which was sometimes used to separate verses.
In 2021, the first modern Nubian typeface based on the style of text written in old Nubian manuscripts called Sawarda was released designed by Hatim-Arbaab Eujayl for a series of educational books teaching Nobiin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GrammarEdit
NounsEdit
Old Nubian has no gender. The noun consists of a stem to which derivational suffixes may be added. Plural markers, case markers, postpositions, and the determiner are added on the entire noun phrase, which may also comprise adjectives, possessors, and relative clauses.
DeterminationEdit
Old Nubian has one definite determiner Template:Script.Template:Sfn The precise function of this morpheme has been a matter of controversy, with some scholars proposing it as nominative case or subjective marker. Both the distribution of the morpheme and comparative evidence from Meroitic, however, point to a use as determiner.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
CaseEdit
Old Nubian has a nominative-accusative case system with four structural cases determining the core arguments in the sentence,Template:SfnTemplate:Failed verification as well as a number of lexical cases for adverbial phrases.
NumberEdit
The most common plural marker is Template:Script, which always precedes case marking. There are a few irregular plurals, such as:
- Template:Script, pl. Template:Script "man"
- Template:Script, pl. Template:Script "child"
Furthermore, there are traces of separate animate plural forms in Template:Script, which are textually limited to a few roots, e.g.
- Template:Script "Christians"
- Template:Script "dogs"
PronounsEdit
Old Nubian has several sets of pronouns and subject cliticsTemplate:Sfn are the following, of which the following are the main ones:
| Person | Independent Pronoun | Subject Clitic |
|---|---|---|
| I | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| you (sg.) | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| he/she/it | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| we (including you) | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| we (excluding you) | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| you (pl.) | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| they | Template:Script | Template:Script |
There are two demonstrative pronouns:
- Template:Script, pl. Template:Script "this"
- Template:Script, pl. Template:Script "that"
Interrogative words include Template:Script "who?"; Template:Script "what?"; and a series of question words based on the root Template:Script.
VerbsEdit
The Old Nubian verbal system is by far the most complex part of its grammar, allowing for valency, tense, mood, aspect, person and pluractionality to be expressed on it through a variety of suffixes.
The main distinction between nominal and verbal predicates in a main clause versus a subordinate clause is indicated by the presence of the predicate marker Template:Script.Template:Sfn The major categories, listing from the root of the verb to the right, are as follows:
ValencyEdit
| Transitive | Template:Script |
|---|---|
| Causative | Template:Script |
| Inchoative | Template:Script |
| Passive | Template:Script |
PluractionalityEdit
| Pluractional | Template:Script |
|---|
AspectEdit
| Perfective | Template:Script |
|---|---|
| Habitual | Template:Script |
| Intentional | Template:Script |
TenseEdit
| Present | Template:Script |
|---|---|
| Past 1 | Template:Script |
| Past 2 | Template:Script |
PersonEdit
This can be indicated by a series of subject clitics, which are obligatory only in certain grammatical contexts.<ref>Van Gerven Oei (2018)</ref> They are generally absent when an overt subject is present in the clause, unless the subject has the topic marker -ⲉⲓⲟⲛ.
| independent form | agglutinated/merged with a following predicate marker -ⲁ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | -ⲓ | -ⲉ |
| 2nd or 3rd person singular | -ⲛ /(i)n/ | -ⲛⲁ |
| 1st or 2nd person plural | -ⲟⲩ | -ⲟ |
| 3rd person plural | -ⲁⲛ | -ⲁⲛⲁ |
Sample textEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite speech
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
Other sourcesEdit
- Browne, Gerald M., (1982) Griffith's Old Nubian Lectionary. Rome / Barcelona.
- Browne, Gerald M., (1988) Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim I (with J. M. Plumley), London, UK.
- Browne, Gerald M., (1989) Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim II. London, UK.
- Browne, Gerald M., (1996) Old Nubian dictionary. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, vol. 562. Leuven: Peeters. Template:ISBN.
- Browne, Gerald M., (1997) Old Nubian dictionary – appendices. Leuven: Peeters. Template:ISBN.
- Browne, Gerald M., (2002) A grammar of Old Nubian. Munich: LINCOM. Template:ISBN.
- Griffith, F. Ll., (1913) The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period. ADAW 8. https://archive.org/details/nubiantextsofchr00grif
- Satzinger, Helmut, (1990) Relativsatz und Thematisierung im Altnubischen. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 80, 185–205.
External linksEdit
- Extended details on all the letters of the Old Nubian alphabet, especially the additional ones, can be found in this Unicode proposal by Michael Everson and Stephen Emmel.
- Template:Usurped
- Old Nubian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Template:Authority controlTemplate:Eastern Sudanic languages