Oliver Sipple
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Oliver Wellington "Billy" Sipple (November 20, 1941 – Template:Circa January 1989)Template:Efn was an American man known for intervening to prevent an assassination attempt against U.S. President Gerald Ford on September 22, 1975. A decorated U.S. Marine and disabled Vietnam War veteran, he grappled with Sara Jane Moore as she fired a pistol at Ford in San Francisco, causing her to miss. The subsequent public revelation that Sipple was gay turned the news story into a cause célèbre for LGBTQ rights activists, leading Sipple to sue, unsuccessfully, several publishers for invasion of privacy, and causing his estrangement from his parents.
Early lifeEdit
Sipple was born in Detroit, Michigan. He served in the United States Marine Corps and fought in Vietnam. Shrapnel wounds suffered in December 1968 caused him to finish out his second tour of duty in a Philadelphia veterans' hospital, from which he was released in March 1970. Sipple, who was closeted in his hometown of Detroit, had met Harvey Milk in New York City and had participated in San Francisco's gay pride parades and gay rights demonstrations.<ref name="News And Sexuality: Medi">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Conduct Unbecoming: Ga">Template:Cite book</ref> Sipple was active in local causes, including the historic political campaigns of openly gay Board of Supervisors candidate Milk. The two were friends, and Sipple would later be described as a "prominent figure" in the gay community who had worked in a gay bar and was active in the Imperial Court System.<ref name="Electronic Media Law">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="Outing: Shattering the">Template:Cite book</ref>
He lived with a merchant seaman in a fourth-floor walk-up apartment located in San Francisco's Mission District. He later spent six months in San Francisco's VA hospital, and was frequently readmitted into the hospital in 1975, the year he saved Ford's life.
Ford assassination attemptEdit
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On September 22, 1975, Sipple was part of a crowd of about 3,000 people who had gathered outside San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel to see President Ford. Standing beside Sipple, about 40 feet (12 meters) from Ford, was Sara Jane Moore. When Moore shot at Ford with a .38 revolver, narrowly missing Ford, Sipple dove towards her and grabbed her arm;<ref name="latimes2/13/89" /> the gun fired again, striking a bystander.<ref name="WaPo" /><ref name="latimes2/13/89" />
Initial news reports noted that Sipple was a former Marine, but did not mention that he was gay.<ref>"Oliver Sipple 1941–1989". Accessed May 23, 2007. Template:Webarchive</ref> Though he was known within the San Francisco gay community, and had participated in gay pride events, he had kept his sexual orientation secret from his family and employer; he asked the press to keep his homosexuality off the record.<ref name="Shilts">Shilts, Randy (1982). The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, St. Martin's Press. Template:ISBN p. 122.</ref>
The day after the incident, San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen received two phone messages identifying Sipple as gay. One was from Reverend Ray Broshears, the head of a gay activist group called the Lavender Panthers.<ref name="radiolab">Oliver Sipple - Radiolab especially from around 16:30 to 20:00</ref> The other was from local gay activist Harvey Milk, a friend of Sipple on whose city council campaign Sipple had worked.<ref name="radiolab" /> Milk wanted to portray Sipple as a "gay hero" to help "break the stereotype of homosexuals [as] timid, weak and unheroic figures";<ref name="Conduct Unbecoming: Ga" /><ref name="Electronic Media Law" /><ref name="latimes2/13/89">Morain, Dan (February 13, 1989). "Sorrow Trailed a Veteran Who Saved a President and Then Was Cast in an Unwanted Spotlight", The Los Angeles Times, p. 1.</ref> he told a friend, "It's too good an opportunity. For once we can show that gays do heroic things, not just all that caca about molesting children and hanging out in bathrooms."<ref name="Shilts"/> According to historian Harold Evans, "[T]here was no invitation to the White House for Sipple, not even a commendation. Milk made a fuss about that."<ref>Harold Evans, The Imperial Presidency: 1972–1980, Random House, 1998.</ref> Three days after the incident, Sipple received a letter from President Ford. It read:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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I want you to know how much I appreciated your selfless actions last Monday. The events were a shock to us all, but you acted quickly and without fear for your own safety. By doing so, you helped to avert danger to me and to others in the crowd. You have my heartfelt appreciation.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Two days after the thwarted assassination attempt, unable to reach Sipple,<ref name="radiolab" /> Caen wrote of Sipple as a gay man and a friend of Harvey Milk, speculating Ford offered praise "quietly" because of Sipple's sexual orientation. Sipple was besieged by reporters, as was his family. His mother refused to speak to him. Gay liberation groups petitioned local media to give Sipple his due as a hero. Caen published the private side of Sipple's story, as did a handful of other publications.<ref name="Electronic Media Law" /> Sipple then insisted to reporters that his sexuality be kept confidential.<ref name="News And Sexuality: Medi" /> Reporters labeled Sipple the "gay ex-Marine", and his mother disparaged and disowned him.<ref name="Outing: Shattering the" /> Later, when Sipple hid in a friend's apartment to avoid reporters, they turned to Milk, arguably the most visible voice for the gay community.<ref name="News And Sexuality: Medi" /> Of President Ford's letter of thanks to Sipple, Milk suggested that Sipple's sexual orientation was the reason he received only a note, rather than an invitation to the White House.<ref name="latimes2/13/89" />
Sipple sued the Chronicle,<ref name="WaPo" /> filing a $15-million invasion of privacy suit against Caen, seven named newspapers, and a number of unnamed publishers. In 1984, a state court of appeals held that Sipple had indeed become news, and that his sexual orientation was part of the story.<ref name="latimes2/13/89" />
Later years and deathEdit
According to a 2006 article in The Washington Post, Sipple went through a period of estrangement with his parents, but the family later reconciled with him. Sipple's brother, George, told the newspaper, "[Our parents] accepted it. That was all. They didn't like it, but they still accepted. He was welcomed. Only thing was: Don't bring a lot of your friends."<ref name="WaPo">Caught in Fate's Trajectory, Along With Gerald Ford, Lynne Duke, The Washington Post, December 30, 2006, p. D01.</ref> However, other sourcesTemplate:Who indicate that Sipple's parents never fully accepted him. His mother, just after news broke of Sipple's sexual orientation, hung up on Sipple, saying she never wished to speak to him again. His father is said to have told Sipple's brother to "forget [he had] a brother." Finally, when his mother died, his father did not allow him to attend her funeral.<ref name="radiolab.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sipple's mental and physical health sharply declined over the years. He began to drink heavily, was diagnosed with schizophrenia and fitted with a pacemaker, and gained weight.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/><ref name = Rangel/> He sometimes expressed regret about grabbing Moore's gun because of the publicity it had brought him. On February 2, 1989, an acquaintance, Wayne Friday, found Sipple dead in his San Francisco apartment, with a bottle of Jack Daniel's next to him and the television still on.<ref name="radiolab.org"/><ref name="Los Angeles Times"/> The San Francisco coroner estimated Sipple had been dead for approximately 10 days.<ref name="radiolab.org"/> He was 47 years old. Ford and his wife sent a letter of sympathy to Sipple's family and friends. He was buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery south of San Francisco.
In a 2001 interview with columnist Deb Price, Ford disputed the claim that he had treated Sipple differently because of his sexual orientation, saying,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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As far as I was concerned, I had done the right thing and the matter was ended. I didn't learn until sometime later – I can't remember when – he was gay. I don't know where anyone got the crazy idea I was prejudiced and wanted to exclude gays.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Issues arising from the press's reporting of Sipple's private life are referred to in the motion picture Absence of Malice and in an episode of LA Law. A number of law review articles, books, and commentary pieces have discussed "the perplexing ethical dimensions of the case".<ref>Laura Castañeda, Shannon B. Campbell, "News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity", SAGE, 2006, Template:ISBN, page 66. The movie referenced (chapter notes in the book) is Absence of Malice, and the TV program is an episode from L.A. Law from May 1990.</ref>
In Popular CultureEdit
Oliver Sipple’s story was shared in a 2017 episode of the WNYC radio program RadioLab. The program airs in syndication on National Public Radio.<ref> https://radiolab.org/podcast/oliver-sipple</ref>