Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox Diocese The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (OOA; Serbian and Template:Langx, Pravoslavna ohridska arhiepiskopija (POA)), also known as Orthodox Archdiocese of Ohrid, was an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archbishopric of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) with jurisdiction over the territory of North Macedonia. Its creation was initiated in 2002 and formalized in 2005.

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric was refused registration by the State Religion Commission of North Macedonia on the grounds that one group may be registered for each confession and that the name was not sufficiently distinct from that of the MOC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Numerous international organizations have criticized the authorities of North Macedonia for their moves towards the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric and Archbishop Jovan VI, raising the possibility of a threat to religious freedoms. In 2023, after the reconciliation of the SOC and the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC), the OOA was integrated into MOC.

CreationEdit

Some Macedonian bishops sought to reconcile their differences with the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) and negotiated regarding the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC), which had separated from SOC since its self-declared autocephaly in 1967.<ref name="sp">Template:Cite book</ref> These negotiations led to an agreement that was signed in Niš in May 2002 - the Niš Agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three bishops of both delegations signed the agreement. It was supposed to grant MOC autonomous status.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The signing of the document caused an uproar in Macedonia (now North Macedonia).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Macedonian bishops attempted to defend it for a short time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was soon rejected by the Synod of MOC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Serbian patriarch Pavle invited all MOC's bishops, clergy, monastics and faithful people to enter into liturgical and canonical unity with the Serbian Orthodox Church.<ref>Summon by the Patriarch Paul</ref> Jovan Vraniškovski and all priests of Veles agreed to respond to this call, and all signed a document of agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vraniškovski was the only metropolitan to accept the invitation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 23 September 2002, Metropolitan Jovan was appointed Exarch of all the territories of the Ohrid Archdiocese by the Assembly of the Serbian Orthodox Church. On 25 December 2003, he was elected Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, after it had been constituted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 24 May 2005, he was confirmed by the Serbian Patriarch as Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje in accordance with the Niš Agreement. On the same day, there was an announcement of the Patriarchal and the Assembly's tomos for autonomy of the Ohrid Archbishopric,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Archbishop Jovan as the Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its seat was in the village of Nižepole and it had the purpose of administering the dioceses of the Serbian Orthodox Church in North Macedonia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As it had internal autonomy as the canonical branch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, it could also rely on the support of all canonical Orthodox churches.<ref name="sp" /> The Archbishopric claimed inheritance from the Archbishopric of Ohrid, established in 1019 by Byzantine Emperor Basil II by lowering the status of the autocephalous Bulgarian Patriarchate and abolished in 1767 by the Ottomans.<ref>Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje Jovan, Brief History of the Ohrid Archbishopric, 31 December 2006</ref>

PersecutionEdit

In January 2004, Vraniškovski and a dozen of his followers were arrested by the police.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A fifth monastery, Saint John Chrysostom in the village Nižepole near Bitola, was broken into by armed and masked men, who harassed and threatened the nuns with machine guns, cut their hair and set the monastery on fire, in February 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the rejection of its registration application by the Macedonian authorities, the police raided Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric's buildings. The police and priests of the Macedonian Orthodox Church visited members to pressure them to abandon their adherence to OOA.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Church in the Saint John Chrysostom monastery was demolished by the state authorities on 15 October 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The chapel St. Nectarios of Aegina was demolished on 12 July 2005 in the Skopje suburb of Dračevo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additional harassment complaints have been reported.<ref name="state.gov"/>

Archbishop Jovan was sentenced to 18 months of prison in June 2005 for "[i]nstigation of ethnic, racial and religious hatred, discord and intolerance". The verdict stated the conviction relied on these three points:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He wrote a text in a religious calendar in which he slandered the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
He agreed to be appointed as an Exarch of the Ohrid Archbishopric in Macedonia and participated in the ordination of the bishops Joakim (Jovčevski) and Marko (Kimev).
He officiated at a religious service in an apartment owned by his parents.

He served 220 days in prison before the Supreme Court declared the last two of the three points to be unconstitutional and his sentence was shortened to 8 months.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Archbishop Jovan was sentenced for the second time, on charges for Embezzlement, and as a second defendant was sentenced to a higher prison term of 2 years than the first defendant (who was sentenced 1 year and 3 months) in 2006. He served 256 days before being released.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric was repeatedly denied registration by the state authorities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

International reactionsEdit

The United States Department of State includes in its "Religious Freedom Report" and "Human Rights Report" information regarding the "restrictions of the religious freedoms of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, existence of religious prisoners, violation of freedom of movement, police terror and demolition of a monastery, prevention of OSCE from obtaining a copy of the decision upon which the demolition was carried out, police interrogations of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric etc."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The US Mission to the OSCE in 2004 warned of "Violation of freedom of religion and encouraged the authorities to apply the law fairly, advising the government should avoid involving in religious disputes, reminding that Article Nine of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 19 of the Macedonian Constitution as well as Macedonia’s OSCE commitments, and international norms, all guarantee his right to freedom of religion".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The European Commission pointed out that "cases of violations of religious freedom exist and emphasized that the new law should provide more liberal procedure for registering religious communities".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2018 that the refusal of the government to register the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric constitutes a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Amnesty International declared the Archbishop Jovan as a prisoner of conscience in 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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In Freedom House's 2005 publication, "Macedonia received a downward trend arrow due to [...] an increase in the harassment of leaders of various religious groups".<ref name="freedomhouse-mk2005">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Freedom House reported in 2007 that Archbishop Jovan has been "arrested [...] for his ties to the Serbian Orthodox Church."<ref name="freedomhouse-mk2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights reported about the violation of the religious freedoms and human rights of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric: "The violation of several basic rights was the result of activities of a number of state institutions (especially the Ministry of the Interior) directed against not only the followers (monks of the MOC who were supporting Vraniskovski), but also against citizens who approve of him or had compassionate sentiments or attitude towards them. This can be illustrated by the following: problems upon entry and exit from the state, threats, police detention, lawsuits against citizens who have provided housing for the outcast monks, police ban in the exercise of the right to residence".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe reported about the imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan in 2005, finding that "Macedonian officials, in response to the ecclesiastical dispute concerning the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, have over-reacted and that the 18-month prison term sentence is excessive and unjustified". Regarding the case of the destruction of the chapel, the report states that "The government, at least, must exhibit more restraint and end these harassments, and also pay reparations for the destroyed buildings. The report also covers the religious freedom governing legal framework, finding it ambiguous, and further stating that Since religious groups are required to register, the lack of a clear mechanism can be problematic."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Norwegian human rights organization Forum 18 reported in 2008 that the country's 2007 religion law perpetuates discrimination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople sent a letter to the Prime Minister of Macedonia, requesting immediate release of Archbishop Jovan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow sent a letter to the President of Macedonia in 2005, demanding immediate release of the Archbishop Jovan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Holy Synod of Hierarchs of the Church of Greece expressed a severe protest in 2006 for an emergent release of Archbishop Jovan from prison, and for respect of religious freedom in Macedonia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The Holy Community of the Mount Athos sent a letter of support to the Archbishop Jovan in 2004, signed by all representatives and abbots who are in the common Assembly of the twenty Holy Monasteries of the Holy Mount Athos.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas condemned the imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan by Macedonia and asked for his release in 2005.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Metropolitan Herman of the Orthodox Church in America called for release of Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid in 2006.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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AbolitionEdit

On 15 May 2022 at the first session of the annual meeting of the Holy Council of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church, an Encyclical on the Occasion of the Centennial Celebration of the Re-establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate was adopted and signed by all bishops of SOC, including all four bishops of OOA.<ref>SOC (2022): Encyclical on the Occasion of the Centennial Celebration of the Re-establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate</ref> At the second session, held on 16 May, the Council decided to resolve various disputes with the Macedonian Orthodox Church, thus healing the long-standing schism.<ref>SOC: Communique of the Holy Assembly of Bishops (May 16th, 2022)</ref> On 19 May, a historical concelebration was held in Belgrade, by bishops of MOC and SOC, including bishops of OOA.<ref>OOA: Joint concelebration of MOC and SOC, including OOA (May 19th, 2022)</ref> On that occasion, archbishop Jovan (head of OOA) held a speech, expressing the support of OOA to the restoration of ecclesiastical unity.<ref>SOC: Archbishop Jovan: Lets preserve the unity! So that senseless schism should not recure!(May 19th, 2022)</ref> On 24 May, during the visit of Serbian Patriarch Porphyry to Skopje, the decision of SOC to recognize autocephaly of MOC was announced, and concelebration was held by hierarchs of MOC and SOC, including hierarchs of OOC.<ref>SOC (2022): Patriarch Porphyry and Archbishop Stefan concelebrated in the Cathedral in Skopje</ref><ref>OOA (2022): Serbian Patriarch Porphyry served liturgy in Skopje</ref> On that occasion, Patriarch emphasized in his speech that the Holy Council of Bishops (SOC) had set a task for the Synod to resolve all remaining technical and organizational issues.<ref>SOC (2022): Patriarch Porphyry: God is the Alpha and Omega of our existence in history and in eternity</ref> Some of the most important organizational issues were related to the future status of OOA, but no concrete decisions on possible organizational unification of OOA and MOC were announced. Due to those circumstances, OOA hierarchy did not attend the publication of the patriarchal tomos on the autocephaly of MOC, which was handed over in Belgrade, on 5 June.<ref>SOC (2022): Serbian Patriarch Porfirije handed the Tomos confirming the autocephaly of the Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid to Archbishop Stefan</ref> On 19 June, patriarch's envoy Jovan (Ćulibrk), Bishop of Pakrac and Slavonia, met in Skopje with hierarchs of OOA on the occasion of the fifteenth anniversary of episcopal service of Bishop David (Ninov) of Stobi,<ref>OOA (2022): 15 Years of Hierarchical Service of Bishop David of Stobi</ref> but in spite of that, OOA hierarchy did not participate in any event organized by MOC on the occasion of the visit of Serbian Patriarch to North Macedonia, which took place on 20 and 21 June.<ref>SOC (2022): Hundreds of faithful welcomed Patriarch Porphyry in the monastery of Kalište near Struga</ref><ref>SOC (2022): Patriarch Porphyry: The Church offers the meaning of existence to every man in every time and every space</ref>

The Assembly of the Serbian Orthodox Church announced in 20 May 2023 that it decided to integrate OOA into MOC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 23 May, upon the decision of the Holy Assembly of Bishops of SOC, the process of integration of OOA with MOC was initiated, and OOA bishops were given canonical permission to join the jurisdiction of MOC.<ref>SOC (2023): Communique of the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church</ref><ref>ПОА (2023): Од соопштението на Светиот Архијерејски Собор на Српската Православна Црква</ref> Further steps towards integration were made on June by the Synod of MOC, initiating the creation of new dioceses for OOA hierarchs.<ref>MOC-OA (2023): Communique of the Holy Synod of Bishops (mk)</ref><ref>OOA (2023): On the third Sunday after Pentecost, Archbishop Jovan served in the Stavropigial Monastery of St. John Chrysostom in Bitola (mk)</ref> On 21 June, OOA hierarchs collectively joined MOC and were assigned dioceses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 28 June, the Holy Synod of OOA made an official announcement, stating that it has fulfilled its mission, and noting that OOA hierarchs have collectively joined MOC.<ref>OOA (2023): Communique of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (mk)</ref>

StructureEdit

File:Map of the seven diocese of Macedonia.png

Map of the seven diocese of OOA in North Macedonia

Dioceses on the territory of North Macedonia were:

Metropolitanate of Skopje, an Archdiocese, headed by the Archbishop of Ohrid;
Template:Ill of Prespa and Pelagonia;
Template:Ill of Bregalnica;
Eparchy of Debar and Kičevo;
Eparchy of Polog and Kumanovo;
Template:Ill of Veles and Povardarie (Vardar);
Template:Ill of Strumica;

During its existence, the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric was headed by Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid. He presided over the Holy Synod of Hierarchs of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, consisting of him and 3 more bishops. The Holy Synod of bishops was constituted on 23 December 2003 in the monastery of Saint John Chrysostom. Members of the synod were: