Osteosclerosis

Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders.<ref name= elsobky2016>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name= Ihde/> It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis. Localized osteosclerosis can be caused by Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, sickle-cell disease and osteoarthritis among others. Osteosclerosis can be classified in accordance with the causative factor into acquired and hereditary.<ref name= Ihde/><ref name= elsobky2016/>

Types

Acquired osteosclerosis

• Osteogenic bone metastasis caused by carcinoma of prostate and breast
• Paget's disease of bone
• Myelofibrosis (primary disorder or secondary to intoxication or malignancy)
• Osteosclerosing types of chronic osteomyelitis
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Schnitzler syndrome<ref name="Niederhauser 2014">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Mastocytosis<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Skeletal fluorosis
• Monoclonal IgM Kappa cryoglobulinemia<ref name="Soubrier 1994">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Hepatitis C.<ref name="pmid15983730">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Hereditary osteosclerosis

• Malignant infantile osteopetrosis<ref name= ELHaddad2017>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Neuropathic infantile osteopetrosis
• Infantile osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis
• Infantile osteopetrosis with immunodeficiency
• IO with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (LAD-III)
• Intermediate osteopetrosis
• Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg)
• Pyknodysostosis (osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica)<ref name= Ihde>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Osteopoikilosis (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome)<ref name= Ihde/>
• Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis<ref name= Ihde/>
• Mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia
• Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati–Engelmann disease)<ref name= Ihde/>
• SOST-related sclerosing bone dysplasias

• ScleroticmetastaticdiseasespineLCT.png

  Sclerosis of the bones of the thoracic spine due to prostate cancer metastases (CT image)

• Scleroticmetastaticdiseasespine.png

  Sclerosis of the bones of the thoracic spine due to prostate cancer metastases (CT image)

Diagnosis

Osteosclerosis can be detected with a simple radiography. There are white portions of the bone which appear due to the increased number of bone trabeculae.Template:Citation needed

Animals

In the animal kingdom, there also exists a non-pathological form of osteosclerosis, resulting in unusually solid bone structure with little to no marrow. It is often seen in aquatic vertebrates, especially those living in shallow waters,<ref name="Houssaye 2009">Houssaye, A. (2009). "Pachyostosis" in aquatic amniotes: a review. Integrative Zoology 4(4): 325-340.</ref> providing ballast as an adaptation for an aquatic lifestyle. It makes bones heavier, but also more fragile. In those animal groups, osteosclerosis often occurs together with bone thickening (pachyostosis). This joint occurrence is called pachyosteosclerosis.<ref name="Crowell Rahmat Koretsky 2020 pp. 1–1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Axial osteomalacia
• Pachyostosis
• Pachyosteosclerosis
• Heinrich Albers-Schönberg