PTAT-1
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PTAT-1 was the first privately financed transatlantic fiber optic telecommunications cable. Completed in 1989 at a cost of US$600 million and maintained by Cable & Wireless (C&W) and Sprint/Private TransAtlantic Telecommunication Systems, Inc. (PSI, Inc.),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> it connected Manasquan, New Jersey, United States, with Devonshire, Bermuda, and Ballinspittle, Republic of Ireland, terminating at Brean, England, United Kingdom, for a distance of Template:Convert.
PTAT-1 is notable for breaking the international telecommunication monopoly held by AT&T Corporation and British Telecom (BT) for telecommunications between the US and UK, and setting off the mass production of fiber optic systems that now circle the world.
PTAT-1 was built by a joint venture of a small private US company, Private TransAtlantic Telecommunication Systems, Inc. (PSI, Inc., founded as Tel-Optik in 1984) and Cable & Wireless plc of the UK. The submarine cable system and line terminal equipment were provided by Standard Telephones and Cables (STC)[1], and alarm and control system management by International Computers Limited (ICL). The US shore end was built by Lightwave Spectrum. On August 15th, 1989, US Sprint Corp. acquired 100% of PSI, Inc., and thereby acquired 50% interest in PTAT-1.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The UK to US section of the cable was shutdown just after 02:00 hours on 8 February 2004, as it was no longer considered financially viable by Cable & Wireless. Competitors to the cable had dropped their prices drastically after they re-emerged from Chapter 11 Bankruptcy with little or no debts to service, something C&W was unable to compete with.Template:Citation needed<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
This cable provided intelligent repeaters that monitored and reported bit errors when queried by a base station. It included three fiber pairs, supporting two active channels. Each repeater had a base-station-controlled switch that could direct traffic between two fiber pairs, allowing flexible connections and a backup path if needed.