Panchen Lama
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates
Template:Infobox Chinese Template:Tibetan Buddhism The Panchen Lama (Template:Bo) is a tulku of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama is one of the most important figures in the Gelug tradition, with its spiritual authority second only to the Dalai Lama. Along with the council of high lamas, he is in charge of seeking out the next Dalai Lama.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Panchen is a portmanteau of Pandita and Chenpo, meaning "great scholar".
The recognition of Panchen Lamas began with Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, tutor of the 5th Dalai Lama, who received the title "Panchen Bogd" from Altan Khan and the Dalai Lama in 1645.<ref name=bogd>Template:Cite book</ref> Bogd is Mongolian, meaning "holy".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, Sönam Choklang and Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup were subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously.
In 1713, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty granted the title Panchen Erdeni to the 5th Panchen Lama. In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor issued a decree known as the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Smith135">Smith 1997, p. 135.</ref>
Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head of Tashilhunpo Monastery, and holds religious and secular power over the Tsang region centered in Shigatse, independent of the Ganden Podrang authority led by the Dalai Lama.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.<ref name="choosing">Template:Cite news</ref>
The current 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama on May 14, 1995. Three days later, the six-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the government of the People's Republic of China and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead named Gyaincain Norbu as the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has been widely rejected by Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been seen publicly since 1995.<ref name="secret">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="fake">Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
NameEdit
The successive Panchen Lamas form a tulku reincarnation lineage which are said to be the incarnations of Amitābha. The title, meaning "Great Scholar", is a Tibetan contraction of the Sanskrit paṇḍita (scholar) and the Tibetan chenpo (great). The Panchen Lama traditionally lived in Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse. From the name of this monastery, the Europeans referred to the Panchen Lama as the Tashi-Lama (also spelled Tesho-Lama or Teshu-Lama).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Fort William-India House correspondence: In the index, "Tashi Lama. See Teshu Lama". and "Teshu Lama (Teshi Lama, Tesho Lama)".</ref><ref name=OED>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"The Institution of the Dalai Lama", by R. N. Rahul Sheel in The Tibet Journal, Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, p. 32, n. 1</ref><ref>Richardson 1984, pp.54–55</ref>
Other titles of Panchen Lama include "Panchen Bogd", the original title given by Altan Khan at the creation of the lineage. "Bogd" (Mongolian: ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ богд) is Mongolian, meaning "holy, saint".<ref name=bogd /> In 1713, the 5th Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshe received the title "Panchen Erdeni" from the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, which has been inherited by successive Panchen Lamas since then. "Erdeni", or "Erdini",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Manchu: ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠨᡳ erdeni) is Manchu, meaning "treasure".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
First Panchen LamaEdit
Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen (1570–1662), was the first Panchen Lama to be accorded this title during his lifetime. He was the tutor and a close ally of the 5th Dalai Lama,<ref name=mull174>Mullin 2001, p.174</ref> "The Great Fifth", as he is known, pronounced the Panchen to be an incarnation of the celestial buddha Amitābha.<ref name=tjnorbu121>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer, p. 121. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 54</ref>
The 5th Dalai Lama requested the Panchen to accept Tashilhunpo Monastery, built by the 1st Dalai Lama, as his multi-lifetime seat for future incarnations.<ref name=mull205>Mullin 2001, p.205</ref> Since then, every incarnation of the Panchen Lama has been the master of Tashilhunpo Monastery<ref name=tjnorbu121 /> and it is there that they have all received their education and their mummified bodies were enshrined.<ref name=mull205 />
When Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen died in 1662, the fifth Dalai Lama commenced the tradition of searching for his next incarnation.<ref>Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 2. Downloaded as a pdf file on December 16, 2007 from: [1] Template:Webarchive</ref> He also reserved the traditional title of Panchen which had previously been a courtesy title for all exceptionally learned lamas – exclusively for his successors. Khedrub Je, Sönam Choklang and Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup were posthumously decided by the 5th Dalai Lama to have been a previous incarnation of Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama (1570–1662). Traditionally, there were considered to be four Indian and three Tibetan incarnations before Khedrup, starting with Subhuti, one of the original disciples of Gautama Buddha. Gö Lotsawa is considered to be the first Tibetan incarnation of Amitabha in this line.<ref>Stein (1972) p. 84.</ref><ref>Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), pp. 81–103.</ref> The recognition of Panchen Lamas has always been a matter involving the Dalai Lama.<ref>et :Ya Hanzhang, Biographies of the Tibetan Spiritual Leaders Panchen Erdenis. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1987. pg 350.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama, himself declared, as cited by an official Chinese review that "according to Tibetan tradition, the confirmation of either the Dalai or Panchen must be mutually recognized."<ref>Panchen-lama. 1988. "On Tibetan Independence". China Reconstructs (now named China Today) (January): Vol. 37, No. 1. pp 8–15.</ref> The involvement of the government of China in this affair is seen by some as a political ploy to try to gain control over the recognition of the next Dalai Lama (see below), and to strengthen their hold over the future of Tibet and its governance. The government claims however, that their involvement does not break with tradition in that the final decision about the recognition of both the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama traditionally rested in the hands of the Chinese emperor. For instance, after 1792, the Golden Urn was thought to have been used in selecting the 10th, 11th and 12th Dalai Lamas;<ref>Goldstein 1989</ref> but the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, has more recently said that this was only really used in selection of the 11th, and that in the other cases it was only used to humour the Chinese to confirm a selection that had already been made by traditional methods.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Modern timesEdit
In 1924, the thirteenth Dalai Lama prohibited the 9th Panchen Lama's followers from holding any office in the Central Tibetan government and imprisoned them in Lhasa, prompting the Panchen Lama to flee to Inner Mongolia, China.<ref>Tuttle 2006</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Dalai Lama was attempting to collect revenue from the Panchen Lama's estate to cover Tibet's military expenses, and to reduce the power of the Panchen Lama.<ref name="Powers99">Powers 2004, pg. 99</ref> In China, the ninth Panchen Lama worked on plans to develop Tibet.<ref>Jagou, pp. 156–159, 206–208</ref> He also held a position in the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and was considered extremely "pro-Chinese".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There, he adopted the ideas of Sun Yatsen through revolutionary Pandatsang Rapga of the Tibet Improvement Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
_session_1964.jpg){kind=link}
When the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced two competing candidates, with the Dalai Lama's officials selecting a boy from Xikang and the Panchen Lama's officials picking Gonpo Tseten.<ref name="lin">Template:Cite book</ref> The Republic of China government, then embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, declared its support for Tseten on June 3, 1949.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chinese Nationalist governor Ma Bufang allowed Kumbum Monastery to be totally self-governed by Tseten, now called Gyaltsen,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while the 14th Dalai Lama's government refused to recognize him.<ref name="mckay222">Melvyn C. Goldstein, in McKay 2003, p. 222</ref>
The 10th Panchen Lama sought revenge on the Dalai Lama by leading an army against him, and requested aid from Ma Bufang in September 1949.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the Chinese Nationalist government, facing defeat from the communists, requested the Panchen Lama's help instead. They formulated a plan where three Khampa divisions would be led by the Panchen Lama as a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China,<ref name="lin" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but the Panchen Lama decided to defect to the Communists instead. The Panchen Lama, unlike the Dalai Lama, sought to exert control in decision making.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Panchen Lama initially supported Communist policies for Tibet.<ref name="mckay222" /> Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into the PRC, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic.<ref name="lin" /> He also called on Tibetans to support the Chinese government."<ref>Lee Feigon, Demystifying Tibet, page 163.</ref> However in 1962, he wrote the 70,000 Character Petition detailing abuses of power in Tibet and discussed it with Premier Zhou Enlai.<ref name="Kurtenbach-1998">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, in 1964, he was imprisoned and forced to undergo struggle sessions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 1977, he was released but held under house arrest in 1982. In 1979, he married a Han Chinese woman and in 1983 they had a daughter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1989, the tenth Panchen Lama died suddenly in Shigatse at the age of 51 shortly after giving a speech criticizing the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet but praising the reform and opening up of the 1980s.<ref name="Hilton19x">Hilton 2000, pp. 192–194</ref> His daughter, now a young woman, is Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo, better known as "Renji".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The Dalai Lama named Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama on May 14, 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Chinese government insisted that the 11th Panchen Lama has to be chosen via the golden urn. In selecting a name, lottery numbers were drawn from the Golden Urn.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chinese authorities named Gyancain Norbu as the search committee's choice on November 11, 1995.<ref>Isabel Hilton, A Reporter at Large, "Spies in the House of Faith," The New Yorker, August 23, 1999, p. 170</ref> Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has not been observed by an independent party ever since May 17, 1995. The Chinese government claims he is living a "normal private life".<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Tibetans and human rights groups continue to campaign for his release.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Relation to the Dalai Lama lineageEdit
The Panchen Lama bears part of the responsibility of the monk-regent for finding the incarnation of the Dalai Lama, and vice versa.<ref>Kapstein (2006), p. 276</ref> This has been the tradition since the 5th Dalai Lama recognized his teacher Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen as the Panchen Lama of Tashilhunpo. With this appointment, Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen's three previous incarnations were posthumously recognised as Panchen Lamas. The "Great Fifth" also recognized Lobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama. The 7th Dalai Lama recognized Lobsang Palden Yeshe, 6th Panchen Lama, who in turn recognized the 8th Dalai Lama. Similarly, the Eighth Dalai Lama recognised Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama.<ref>Appeal For Chatral Rinpoche's Release Template:Webarchive, from the website of "The Office of Tibet, the official agency of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in London"</ref> The current 14th Dalai Lama was first found by the 9th Panchen Lama when he was living in the Kumbum Monastery. In February 1937, the Panchen Lama informed his investigation to the Tibetan government's representatives, who would later confirm the new Dalai Lama's identity.<ref>Goldstein 1989, p. 319.</ref> On January 26, 1940, the Regent Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government to exempt Tenzin Gyatso from lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Goldstein1991">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The request was approved by the Central Government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Political significanceEdit
Monastic figures had historically held important roles in the social makeup of Tibet, and though these roles have diminished since 1959, many Tibetans continue to regard the Panchen Lama as a significant political, as well as spiritual figure due to the role he traditionally plays in selecting the next Dalai Lama. The political significance of the role is also utilized by the Chinese state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tibetan support groups such as London-based Free Tibet have argued that the Chinese government seeks to install its own choice of Dalai Lama when Tenzin Gyatso, the current Dalai Lama, dies and that for this reason the Dalai Lama's choice of Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima went missing at the age of six, to be replaced by the Chinese state's choice, Gyaincain Norbu. It is suggested that the Chinese government may give the title of Dalai Lama to the son of a loyal ethnic Tibetan Communist party member and it will pressure Western governments to recognize its boy, and not the boy chosen by Lamas in India, as the head of Tibetan Buddhism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
- List of Panchen Lamas
- Tashilhunpo Monastery
- History of Tibet
- Choekyi Gyaltsen
- Tibet since 1950
- 11th Panchen Lama controversy
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State (1989) University of California Press. Template:ISBN.
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (1997) University of California Press. Template:ISBN.
- Kapstein, Matthew T. (2006). The Tibetans. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford, U.K. Template:ISBN.
- Stein, Rolf Alfred. Tibetan Civilization (1972) Stanford University Press. Template:ISBN.
- Van Grasdorff, Gilles. Hostage of Beijing: The Abduction of the Panchen Lama (1999) Element Books, Inc. Template:ISBN.
- Kuzmin S. 2014. The Activity of the 9th Panchen Lama in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. – Far Eastern Affairs, 2014, no. 1, pp. 123–137.
External linksEdit
- Panchen Lama incarnation data with links to biographies on The Treasury of Lives
- Free the Panchen Lama, a campaigns website for the Panchen Lama's release
- Tibet Society UK – The Background To The Panchen Lama from Tibet Society – UK Organisation
- China Tibetology No. 03, a series of articles from tibet.cn explaining the Chinese government's position on the search of reincarnations of the Panchen Lama.
- Tibet's missing spiritual guide, a May 2005 article from BBC News
- 11th Panchen Lama of Tibet, a website about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
Template:Panchen Lamas Template:Buddhism topics Template:Tibet topics