Paraprosdokian
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates A paraprosdokian (Template:IPAc-en), or par'hyponoian, is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence, phrase, or larger discourse is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part. It is frequently used for humorous or dramatic effect, sometimes producing an anticlimax. For this reason, it is extremely popular among comedians and satirists,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as Groucho Marx.
EtymologyEdit
"Paraprosdokian" derives from Greek παρά "against" and προσδοκία "expectation".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The noun prosdokia occurs with the preposition para in Greek rhetorical writers of the 1st century BCE and the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, with the meaning "contrary to expectation" or "unexpectedly."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
While the word is now in wide circulation, "paraprosdokian" (or "paraprosdokia") is not a term of classical (or medieval) Greek or Latin rhetoric; it was first attested in 1896.<ref name=DIK>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CB1" />
Double meaningEdit
Some paraprosdokians not only change the meaning of an early phrase, as in garden-path sentence, but also play on the double meaning of a particular word, creating a form of syllepsis or antanaclasis (a type of pun).
For example, in response to the question "how are you two?", a Modern Hebrew speaker can say {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (be-séder gamúr; hi be-séder, aní gamúr), literally "in-order complete; she in-order, I complete", i.e., "We are very good. She is good, I am finished".<ref name=Revivalistics>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Note the ambiguity of the Hebrew lexical item גמור gamúr: it means both "complete" and "finished".<ref name=Revivalistics/>Template:Rp A parallel punning paraprosdokian in English is a man's response to a friend's question "Why are you and your wife here?: A workshop; I am working, she is shopping."<ref name=Revivalistics/>Template:Rp
ExamplesEdit
- "Take my wife—please!" —Henny Youngman<ref name="AwayWithWords">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "If I could just say a few words … I'd be a better public speaker." —Homer Simpson<ref>
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- "If I am reading this graph correctly—I'd be very surprised." —Stephen Colbert<ref name="concise">
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- "If all the girls attending the Yale prom were laid end to end, I wouldn't be a bit surprised." —Dorothy Parker<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "On his feet he wore … blisters." —Aristotle<ref>
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- "I've had a perfectly wonderful evening, but this wasn't it." —Groucho Marx<ref name="medspeech">
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- "To wives and sweethearts! May they never meet." — Traditional toast made by Royal Navy officers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "My uncle's dying wish was to have me sit in his lap; he was in the electric chair." —Rodney Dangerfield<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "I like going to the park and watching the children run around because they don't know I'm using blanks." —Emo Philips<ref name="medspeech" />
- "I haven't slept for ten days, because that would be too long." —Mitch Hedberg<ref name="CB1"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "I sleep eight hours a day and at least ten at night." —Bill Hicks<ref name="CB1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "I don't belong to an organized political party. I'm a Democrat." —Will Rogers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "On the other hand, you have different fingers." —Steven Wright<ref name="AwayWithWords"/>
- "Outside of a dog, a book is man's best friend. Inside of a dog, it's too dark to read." — sometimes attributed to Groucho Marx<ref name="Quote Investigator">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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