Pelops

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In Greek mythology, Pelops (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx) was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, lit. "Pelops' Island"). He was the son of Tantalus and the father of Atreus.

He was venerated at Olympia, where his cult developed into the founding myth of the Olympic Games, the most important expression of unity, not only for the people of Peloponnesus, but for all Hellenes. At the sanctuary at Olympia, chthonic night-time libations were offered each time to "dark-faced" Pelops in his sacrificial pit (bothros) before they were offered in the following daylight to the sky-god Zeus (Burkert 1983:96).

Family

Pelops was a son of Tantalus<ref>Tyrtaeus, fr. 12.7; Cypria fr. 16.4; Simonides, fr. 11.36; Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.36; Hyginus, Fabulae 124, 245 & 273</ref> and either Dione,<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 82-83</ref> Euryanassa,<ref>Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4 & 11</ref> Eurythemista,<ref name=":0">Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 11</ref> or Clytia.<ref>Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 11 from Pherecydes, fr. 93</ref> In some accounts, he was called a bastard son of Tantalus while others named his parents as Atlas and the nymph Linos. Others would make Pelops the son of Hermes and Calyce<ref>Scholion on Homer, Iliad 2.104b</ref> while another says that he was an Achaean from Olenus.<ref>Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.37a & 9.51.a (FGrHist 298 F1) with the historian Autesion as the authority</ref><ref>Robert Fowler, Early Greek Mythography: Commentary 14.1 (2013): "These two genealogies were probably meant to cancel Pelops' foreign origins; the first is transparently derived from the passage upon which the scholiast is commenting."</ref>

Of Phrygian<ref>Hecataeus, fr. 119; Hellanicus, fr. 76; Aischylus, fr. 158, 162; Herodotus, 7.8.1 & 7.11.4; Bacchylides, Epinician Odes 8.31; Ai. 1292; Sophocles, Antigone 824–5; Euripides, fr. 223.101-2 (Antiope); cf. Scholia ad Pindar, 01.9.15a; ad Lycophron, 150</ref> or Lydian<ref>Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.1.24 & 9.9</ref> birth, he departed his homeland for Greece, and won the crown of Pisa or Olympia from King Oenomaus in a chariot race, then married Oenomaus's daughter, Hippodamia.

Pelops and Hippodamia had numerous children. Their sons include Pittheus<ref>Euripides, Heracleidae 207; Euripides, Medea 683; Apollodorus, 3.15.7 & E.2.10; Pausanias, 2.30.8; Plutarch, Theseus 3.1 & 7.1; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4; ad Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.144c-e</ref> (or his mother was Dia<ref>Scholia ad Pindar, Olympian Ode 1.144</ref>), Troezen,<ref>Pausanias, 2.30.8; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> Alcathous,<ref>Apollodorus, 3.12.7; Pausanias, 1.41.3; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4; ad Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.144c–e</ref> Dimoetes,<ref>Parthenius, 31 from Phylarchus</ref> Atreus,<ref>Homer, Iliad 2.104; Apollodorus, 2.4.6 & E.2.10; Hyginus, Fabulae 84, 88, 124 & 224; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> Thyestes,<ref>Homer, Iliad 2.104; Apollodorus, 2.4.6 & E.2.10; Hyginus, Fabulae 84, 86, 87, 124 & 246; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> Copreus,<ref>Apollodorus, 2.5.1</ref> Hippalcimus<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 14</ref> (Hippalcus,<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 84</ref> Hippalcmus<ref name="ReferenceA">Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4; ad Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.144c–e</ref>), Sciron,<ref>Apollodorus, E.1.2</ref> Sicyon,<ref>Pausanias, 2.6.5 with Ibycus as the authority</ref> Epidaurus,<ref>Pausanias, 2.26.2 as what Eleans claims</ref> Cleones<ref>Pausanias, 2.15.1; Scholia on Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> (Cleonymus),<ref>Acusilus, fr. 3; Pherecydes, fr. 20</ref> Letreus,<ref>Pausanias, 6.22.8</ref> Dyspontos,<ref>Tryphon, fr. 87 Velsen ap. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dyspontion (Δυσπόντιον)</ref> Pelops the younger,<ref name="ReferenceB">Scholia ad Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.144c–e</ref> Argeius,<ref>Scholia ad Homer, Odyssey 4.10 & 22; ad Euripides, Orestes 4; Pherecydes, fr. 132</ref> Dias,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Aelius, Corinthus, Cynosurus and Hippasus.<ref>Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref>

Four of their daughters married into the House of Perseus: Astydameia (who married Alcaeus),<ref name="ReferenceC">Apollodorus, 2.4.5</ref> Nicippe (who married Sthenelus),<ref>Apollodorus, 2.4.5; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> Lysidice (who married Mestor),<ref>Apollodorus, 2.4.5; Plutarch, Theseus 7.1; Pausanias, 8.14.2; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4</ref> and Eurydice (who married Electryon).<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.9.1</ref> Another daughter of Pelops, Mytilene was called the mother of Myton by Poseidon.<ref name="Stephanus">Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Mytilēnē (Μυτιλήνη)</ref>

By the nymph Axioche ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref>Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 4; ad Pindar, Olympian Ode 1.144</ref> or Danais<ref>Pseudo-Plutarch, Parallela minora 33</ref> Pelops was father of Chrysippus. The latter was also called the son of Hippodamia and brother of Pleisthenes who was sometimes called the son of Pelops by another woman.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Comparative table of Pelops' family

Relation	Names	Sources
		Tyrt.	Homer		Cyp.	(Sch. on) Pher.	Sim.	Acus.	Pindar				Euripides			Dio.	Part.	Apd.		Plu.		Hyg.		Pau.	Steph.	Tzet.
			-	Sch.					-	Sch.			-	Sch.
Parents	Tantalus	✓			✓		✓		✓													✓
	Hermes and Calyce			✓
	Tantalus and Clytia					✓
	Tantalus and Eurythemiste													✓
	Tantalus and Euryanassa													✓												✓
	Tantalus and Dione																					✓
Wife	Hippodamia										✓							✓		✓		✓
	Dia									✓
	Axioche											✓			✓
	Danais																				✓
Sons	Atreus		✓															✓		✓		✓
	Thyestes		✓															✓		✓		✓
	Argeius			✓		✓								✓
	Cleonymus or					✓		✓
	Cleones													✓										✓
	Pittheus									✓			✓	✓				✓		✓				✓
	Alcathous										✓			✓					✓					✓
	Troezen													✓										✓
	Hippalcmus or										✓			✓
	Pelops the Younger										✓
	Dias										✓			✓
	(A)Eleius													✓
	Corinthus													✓
	Cynosurus													✓
	Hippasus													✓
	Dimoetes																?✓
	Copreus																		✓
	Sciron																		✓
	Hippalcus or																					✓
	Hippalcimus																					✓
	Sicyon																							✓
	Epidaurus																							✓
	Letreus																							✓
	Dyspontos																								✓
	Chrysippus										✓	✓			✓				✓		✓		✓
	Pleisthenes										✓
Daughters	Eurydice															✓
	Lysidice																		✓	✓				✓
	Astydamia																		✓
	Nicippe																		✓
	Mytilene																								✓

Mythology

Tantalus' savage banquet

Pelops' father was Tantalus, king at Mount Sipylus in Anatolia. Wanting to make an offering to the Olympians, Tantalus cut Pelops into pieces and made his flesh into a stew, then served it to the gods. Demeter, deep in grief after the abduction of her daughter Persephone by Hades, absentmindedly accepted the offering and ate the left shoulder. The other gods sensed the plot, however, and held off from eating of the boy's body. While Tantalus was banished to Tartarus, Pelops was ritually reassembled and brought back to life, his shoulder replaced with one of ivory made for him by Hephaestus. Pindar mentioned this tradition in his First Olympian Ode, only to reject it as a malicious invention. Instead, Pindar relates that he was taken by Poseidon as a lover and the story of his death was a rumour spread after his dissapearance by neighbours envious of Tantalus's prosperity.<ref>Pindar, Olympian 1, 39–52.</ref>

After Pelops's resurrection, Poseidon took him to Olympus, and made him the youth apprentice, teaching him also to drive the divine chariot. Later, Zeus found out about the gods' stolen food and their now revealed secrets, and threw Pelops out of Olympus, angry at his father, Tantalus.

Courting Hippodamia

Having grown to manhood, Pelops wanted to marry Hippodamia. Her father, King Oenomaus, fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law, had killed eighteen suitors of Hippodamia after defeating them in a chariot race and affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was supposedly the last standing column in the late second century CE; he wrote that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors who had preceded him:<ref>Pausanias, 6.21.9–11 with a reference to Megalai Ehoiai fr. 259(a)</ref>

1. Marmax
2. Alcathous, son of Porthaon
3. Euryalus
4. Eurymachus
5. Crotalus
6. Acrias of Lacedaemon, founder of Acriae
7. Capetus
8. Lycurgus
9. Lasius
10. Chalcodon
11. Tricolonus (descendant of another Tricolonus, who was a son of Lycaon)
12. Aristomachus
13. Prias
14. Pelagon
15. Aeolius
16. Cronius
17. Erythras, son of Leucon
18. Eioneus, son of Magnes

File:Pelops and Hippodamia racing.jpg

Pelops and Hippodamia racing in a bas-relief (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

Pelops came to ask for her hand and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover.<ref>Pindar, First Olympian Ode 71</ref> Reminding Poseidon of their love ("Aphrodite's sweet gifts"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by untamed winged horses to appear.<ref>Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes 2.27.67 (noted in Kerenyi 1959:64).</ref>

Two episodes involving charioteers were added into the plain account of the heroic chariot race. In the first related by Theopompus, having received the horses, Pelops hastens to Pisa to defeat Oenomaus. On the way, his charioteer Cillus (also named Sphaerus) dies and stands in a dream over Pelops, who was highly distressed about him, to make requests for a funeral. Pelops complies by burying his ashes magnificently; he raises a mound to erect a temple dedicated to Apollo, which he names Apollo Cillaeus, and also founds a city besides the mound and the temple which he also names Cilla, after his charioteer and friend. Both the temple and the city are mentioned in the first book of Homer's Iliad and suggestions regarding their exact location have been made. Furthermore, Cillus, even after his death, appears to have helped Pelops' cause in order for him to win the race.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The second, found in several versions, has Pelops, still unsure of himself, the winged horses and chariot of divine providence he had secured. Oenomaus' charioteer, Myrtilus, a son of Hermes, is persuaded to help Pelops win by promising Myrtilus half of Oenomaus' kingdom and the first night in bed with Hippodamia. The night before the race, while Myrtilus was putting together Oenomaus' chariot, he replaced the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race started, and went on for a long time, but just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Myrtilus survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses. Here lies the main differences in the versions, while all then see Pelops kill Myrtilus (by throwing him off a cliff into the sea) after the latter attempted to rape Hippodamia, some have Pelops give the promise to Myrtilus of Hippodamia's virginity and then either renege the agreement or Myrtilus being impatient and trying to take her beforehand, others have Hippodamia, noticing Pelops' insecurity, giving the promise behind the back of Pelops, who then falsely believed it was an attempted rape.

Olympic Games

After his victory, Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus, in order to be purified of his death. It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the ancient Olympic Games were inspired. Pelops became a great king, a local hero, and gave his name to the Peloponnese. Walter Burkert notes<ref>Burkert, Homo Necans 1983, p 95f.</ref> that though the story of Hippodamia's abduction figures in the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women and on the chest of Cypselus (c. 570 BCE) that was conserved at Olympia, and though preparations for the chariot-race figured in the east pediment of the great temple of Zeus at Olympia, the myth of the chariot race only became important at Olympia with the introduction of chariot racing in the twenty-fifth Olympiad (680 BCE). G. Devereux connected the abduction of Hippodamia with animal husbandry taboos of Elis,<ref>G. Devereux, "The abduction of Hippodameia as 'aiton' of a Greek animal husbandry rite" ''SMSR 36 (1965), pp 3-25. Burkert, in following Devereux's thesis, attests Herodotus iv.30, Plutarch's Greek Questions 303b and Pausanias 5.5.2.</ref> and the influence of Elis at Olympia that grew in the seventh century.

Curse of the Pelopidai

As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops for his ultimate betrayal. This was one of the sources of the curse that destroyed his family: two of his sons, Atreus and Thyestes, killed their half brother, Chrysippus, who was his favorite son and was meant to inherit the kingdom; Atreus and Thyestes were banished by him together with Hippodamia, their mother, who then hanged herself; each successive generation of descendants suffered greatly by atrocious crimes and compounded the curse by committing more crimes, as the curse weighed upon Pelops' children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren including Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus, and finally Orestes, who was acquitted by a court of law convened by the gods Athena and Apollo. Although commonly referred to as "the curse of the Atreides", the circle of atrocious events began two generations before Atreus and continued for two generations after him, before being formally absolved by the Furies in court. Many decades after Pelops's death, his grandson Menelaus, having survived the long-lasting Trojan War and stranded in Egypt, would recount his numerous plights and wish Pelops had perished for good at Tantalus' dinner, so that Atreus, and therefore Agamemnon and Menelaus himself, would never have been born.<ref>Euripides, Helen 386-405</ref>

Cult

Origin

Pelops is believed to have Anatolian origins. He may have been originally worshipped in Phrygia or Lydia or both.<ref>Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 14.21</ref> Other ancient mythographers connect him with Paphlagonia.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.74.1; Istros (FGrHist 334, F 74)</ref> He may have come from the Paphlagonian town of Enete.<ref name="Pelops">Pelops at theoi.com</ref> Thucydides says simply that Pelops was "from Asia".<ref>Thucydides, 1.9.2</ref>

Others represent him as a native of Greece, who came from Olenos in Achaia, or perhaps from Arcadia.<ref name="Pelops"/>

Also, according to Strabo, Pelops' cult may have come to the Peloponnese originally from Phthiotis, and was first based in Laconia: "... the Achaeans of Phthiotis came down with Pelops into the Peloponnesus, took up their abode in Laconia ..."<ref>The Geography of Strabo, Vol 4 uchicago.edu</ref>

Shrines

File:Remains of the Pelopeion in Olympia on October 14, 2020.jpg

Remains of the Pelopion in Olympia

The shrine of Pelops at Olympia, the Pelopion, "drenched in glorious blood",<ref>Pindar, First Olympian Ode</ref> described by Pausanias<ref>Pausanias, 5.13.1–3</ref> stood apart from the temple of Zeus, next to Pelops' gravesite by the ford in the river. It was enclosed with a circle of stones. Pelops was propitiated as a chthonic deity, at night with the offering of a black ram. His remains were contained in a chest near the sanctuary of Artemis Kordax (Pausanias 6.22.1), though in earlier times a gigantic shoulder blade was shown; during the Trojan War, John Tzetzes said, Pelops' shoulder-blade was brought to Troy by the Greeks because the Trojan prophet Helenus claimed the Pelopids would be able to win by doing so.<ref>Adrienne Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (Princeton University Press, 2000) discusses the uses made of giant fossil bones in Greek cult and myth.</ref> Pausanias was told the full story: the shoulder-blade of Pelops was brought to Troy from Pisa, the rival of Elis; on the return, the bone was lost in a shipwreck, but afterwards recovered by a fisherman, miraculously caught in his net.<ref>Pausanias, 5.13.4</ref>

Giant-sized bones were and are often found in Greece, the remains of gigantic prehistoric animals. In ancient times there was obviously no knowledge of dinosaurs or mammoths, and such findings were believed to be actual remains of legendary heroes or demigods, and to reflect the supposedly supernatural stature of humans of the long-bygone Heroic Age. The bones' provenance was then determined according to local legends about ancient burials, with political expedience also playing a major role, helped along by convenient dreams, visions or priestly auguries.

Gallery

• Throne of Pelops Mount Sipylus Manisa Turkey.jpg

  "Throne of Pelops" at Yarıkkaya locality in Mount Sipylus

• Pelops and Hippodamia; Base relief, Metropolitan Museum, New York City.jpg

  Pelops and Hippodamia; bas-relief, Metropolitan Museum of Art

See also

• House of Atreus
• Ancient Elis
• Mount Sipylus
• Niobe
• Nyctimus

Ancient sources

• Ovid, Metamorphoses VI, 403–11
• Bibliotheca, Epitome II, 3–9; V, 10
• Pindar, Olympian Ode I
• Sophocles, Electra 504 and Oinomaos Fr. 433
• Euripides, Orestes 1024–1062
• Diodorus Siculus, Histories 4.73
• Hyginus, Fables: 84 – Oenomaus
• Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.1.3-7, 5.13.1, 6.21.9, 8.14.10-11
• Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 1.30 – Pelops
• Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 9 – Pelops

Modern sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Pelops"

External links

• The Theoi Project, "Pelops"
• Pelops at Bulfinch Mythology
• Template:Cite EB1911