Pennsylvania-class cruiser
The Pennsylvania class of six armored cruisers served in the United States Navy from 1905 to 1927. All six were renamed for cities 1912–1920, to make the state names available for the new battleships beginning with the Template:Sclasss. All of these served during World War I, with California (then San Diego) being the only ship of the class to be lost. The remaining five armored cruisers were scrapped between 1930 and 1931 in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.
Design and constructionEdit
These ships were ordered in fiscal years 1900 (ACR-4 to ACR-6) and 1901 (ACR-7 to ACR-9) as part of the naval buildup touched off by the Spanish–American War.<ref name=Register1>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 133–135</ref> Together with the four immediately succeeding Template:Sclass ships they were called the "Big Ten".<ref name=Friedman1>Friedman, pp. 50–60, 467</ref> They were originally intended to operate in the battle line with battleships. However, their role was changing even as they entered service. The 1904 report of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation, examining the results of the Russo-Japanese War, noted that "...the work of the armored cruisers was auxiliary to that of the battleships..." and "They can serve with battleships, but they can never take their place".<ref name=Friedman1/> In 1906 the US Navy's battleships were concentrated in the Atlantic, and three or four armored cruisers were assigned to the Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines to counter Japan's rising naval power. By 1912 the rapid development of dreadnought battleships and battlecruisers left the armored cruisers unable to successfully engage the newer capital ships.<ref name=Friedman1/>
ArmamentEdit
These ships were originally armed with four [[8"/40 caliber gun|Template:Convert/40]] caliber Mark 5 guns in two twin turrets fore and aft.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=NavWeaps1>DiGiulian, Tony, 8"/35 and 8"/40 USN guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> However, these were replaced with 8-inch/45 caliber Mark 6 guns by 1911 as a result of a gun bursting on Colorado in 1907.<ref name=NavWeaps2>DiGiulian, Tony, 8"/45 US Navy guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> Fourteen [[6"/50 caliber gun|Template:Convert/50 caliber]] Mark 6 guns were mounted in casemates on the sides.<ref>DiGiulian, Tony, 6"/50 Mark 6 and Mark 8 USN guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> The large secondary armament, intended to combat torpedo boats, included eighteen [[3"/50 caliber gun|Template:Convert/50]] caliber rapid fire (RF) guns<ref>DiGiulian, Tony, early 3"/50 USN guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> and twelve [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder (Template:Cvt) RF guns]].<ref>DiGiulian, Tony, 3-pounder USN guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> Two [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|1-pounder (Template:Cvt)]] saluting guns and two Template:Convert torpedo tubes were also carried.<ref name=Conways1/>
ArmorEdit
In the development of these ships Captain Sigsbee, formerly of the ill-fated Template:USS, successfully argued for adequate armor protection at the expense of speed.<ref name=Friedman1/> The belt armor was Template:Cvt at the waterline with a Template:Cvt upper belt, but was only Template:Cvt at the ends. The turrets had up to Template:Cvt on the faces. The protective deck had Template:Cvt on the sloped sides and Template:Cvt in the flat middle. The conning tower was Template:Cvt thick.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=Friedman1/>
EngineeringEdit
The engineering plant included 16 coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers (32 Niclausse boilers in the Cramp-built Pennsylvania and Colorado)<ref name=ships11/> supplying Template:Cvt steam to two inverted vertical four-cylinder triple-expansion engines, totaling Template:Cvt for Template:Cvt as designed. On trials South Dakota achieved Template:Cvt at Template:Cvt.<ref name=Friedman1/> The normal coal allowance was 900 tons, but this could be increased to 2,000 tons.<ref name=Conways1/>
RefitsEdit
In 1909–1911 the ships' original 8-inch/40 caliber guns were replaced with four [[8"/45 caliber gun|Template:Convert/45]] caliber Mark 6 guns in Mark 12 turrets due to a gun bursting on Colorado in 1907.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=NavWeaps1/><ref name=NavWeaps2/> From 1911 the military foremasts were replaced with cage masts.<ref name=Friedman1/> In 1911, Pennsylvania was fitted with an after flight deck for the first landing on a ship by an aircraft. This was a one-off demonstration on 18 January 1911 with pilot Eugene Ely, who had performed the first takeoff from a ship on Template:USS two months earlier.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=Friedman1/> From 1915 to the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Huntington and two Tennessee-class ships had catapults for seaplanes (which disabled the after turret) and carried up to four aircraft; Huntington could also tether an observation balloon, which was used during convoy escort duty in the war. However, by late 1917, the aircraft program was cancelled and the catapults removed.<ref name=Friedman1/>
During the US participation in World War I several changes were made to these ships. All but four of the 6-inch guns were removed to arm merchant ships and reduce the potential of flooding through the lower casemates; this was a factor in the loss of San Diego (probably to a mine) in July 1918.<ref name=ships19/><ref name=Friedman1/> The 3-inch single-purpose guns were reduced to ten, while two 3-inch/50 caliber anti-aircraft guns were added.<ref>DiGiulian, Tony, later 3"/50 USN guns at NavWeaps.com</ref> However, the official Ships' Data Book series indicates that by 1921 all of the 6-inch guns were remounted, only to be dismounted again by 1929.<ref name=Friedman1/><ref name=ships21/>
By 1919 the 32 Niclausse boilers in Pittsburgh (ex-Pennsylvania) and Pueblo (ex-Colorado) were replaced by 20 Babcock & Wilcox boilers.<ref name=ships19/> By 1921, Pueblo had 16 Babcock & Wilcox boilers, while Pittsburgh had 12 Babcock & Wilcox and eight "modified Niclausse" boilers.<ref name=ships21>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1922, PittsburghTemplate:'s forward funnel and the associated boilers were removed, leaving her with 12 Babcock & Wilcox boilers.<ref name=Conways1/>
In 1922–1923 modernization of the eight survivors of these ships and the Tennessee class was considered but not implemented. Possible upgrades would be new boilers and engines for a speed of Template:Cvt, a more seaworthy bow, protection improvements, and new triple 8-inch/55 caliber gun turrets as in the Template:Sclass.<ref name=Friedman1/>
ServiceEdit
The Pennsylvanias spent the years prior to 1917 patrolling Latin America and the Western Pacific. Colorado landed troops in a 1912 intervention in Nicaragua. Early in the US participation in World War I the ships operated in the South Atlantic and the Pacific, then most were transferred to convoy escort duty in the North Atlantic. Pittsburgh remained in the Pacific, unsuccessfully patrolling for German commerce raiders. While using HuntingtonTemplate:'s observation balloon on convoy escort duty on 17 September 1917, the balloon landed in the water due to rough weather, with the basket upside down and submerged. Shipfitter First Class Patrick McGunigal received the Medal of Honor for rescuing the pilot.<ref name=AMOHW>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is said to be the first action in World War I that resulted in the award of the Medal of Honor. San Diego was sunk on 19 July 1918, probably by a mine laid by Template:Ship off Fire Island, New York.<ref name=Conways1/> The wreck remains in place. Most of the ships were decommissioned or relegated to virtually stationary roles such as "receiving ship" in the early 1920s; however, Pittsburgh and Huron continued to operate for most or all of that decade. All were sold for scrap in 1930–1931 in compliance with the limits of the London Naval Treaty. Huron survived as a floating breakwater in Powell River, British Columbia until wrecked by a storm in 1961. Her wreck remains in place.<ref name="freepages.military.rootsweb.com">USS South Dakota page at Coast Artillery Corps Unit Histories in WWI</ref>
Ships in classEdit
The six ships of the Pennsylvania class were:<ref name=Register1/>
| Ship | Hull no. | Shipyard | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Decommissioned | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:USS | ACR-4 | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia | 7 August 1901 | 22 August 1903 | 9 March 1905 | 10 July 1931 | Sold for scrap 21 December 1931 |
| Template:USS | ACR-5 | Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia | 16 September 1901 | 18 April 1903 | 23 February 1905 | 1 September 1920 | Sold for scrap 30 August 1930 |
| Template:USS | ACR-6 | Union Iron Works, San Francisco | 7 May 1902 | 28 April 1904 | 1 August 1907 | Mined or torpedoed by U-156 off Fire Island, NY, 19 July 1918,<ref name=Conways1/> wreck remains in place | |
| Template:USS | ACR-7 | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia | 25 April 1901 | 25 April 1903 | 19 January 1905 | 28 September 1927 | Sold for scrap 2 October 1930 |
| Template:USS | ACR-8 | Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia | 29 October 1901 | 12 September 1903 | 18 April 1905 | 14 February 1922 | Sold for scrap 11 February 1930 |
| Template:USS | ACR-9 | Union Iron Works, San Francisco | 30 September 1902 | 21 July 1904 | 27 January 1908 | 17 June 1927 | Sold for scrap 11 February 1930, used as floating breakwater in British Columbia until wrecked 18 February 1961, wreck remains in place<ref name="freepages.military.rootsweb.com"/> |
The Pennsylvania class was renamed 1912–1920 to free their names for new battleships; they were given the designation CA (armored cruiser) on 17 July 1920 with the USN's adoption of the hull-number system<ref name=Register1/>
| Original Name | Commission Date | Renamed | Rename Date | Reclassed | Reclassed Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pennsylvania (ACR-4) | 9 March 1905 | Pittsburgh (ACR-4) | 27 August 1912 | Pittsburgh (CA-4) | 17 July 1920 |
| West Virginia (ACR-5) | 23 February 1905 | Huntington (ACR-5) | 11 November 1916 | Huntington (CA-5) | 17 July 1920 |
| California (ACR-6) | 1 August 1907 | San Diego (ACR-6) | 1 September 1914 | sunk before reclassified | N/A |
| Colorado (ACR-7) | 19 January 1905 | Pueblo (ACR-7) | 9 September 1916 | Pueblo (CA-7) | 17 July 1920 |
| Maryland (ACR-8) | 18 April 1905 | Frederick (ACR-8) | 9 November 1916 | Frederick (CA-8) | 17 July 1920 |
| South Dakota (ACR-9) | 27 January 1908 | Huron (ACR-9) | 7 June 1920 | Huron (CA-9) | 17 July 1920 |
See alsoEdit
- Template:Sclass – extensive discussion of US armored cruiser development and comparisons with foreign designs
- List of cruisers of the United States Navy
ReferencesEdit
- File:PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.{{#if:|{{#if:| The entries can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here] and [{{#if:1|{{{2}}}}} here].| The entry can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here].}}}}
