Phengodidae
The beetle family Phengodidae is known also as glowworm beetles, whose larvae are known as glowworms. The females and larvae have bioluminescent organs. They occur throughout the New World from extreme southern Canada to Chile, numbering over 250 species in total.<ref>
- Sean T. O'Keefe, "Phengodidae", in Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, American Beetles (CRC Press, 2002), vol. 2</ref> The recently recognized members of the Phengodidae, the Cydistinae, are found in Western Asia. The family Rhagophthalmidae, an Old World group, used to be included in the Phengodidae.
Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods occurring in soil and litter. The winged males, which are often attracted to lights at night, are short-lived and probably do not feed. Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform. Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ which emits red light, as in railroad worms.
This family is distinct from the fireflies (family Lampyridae), which may also be called "glow-worms" in its larval stage. Some early studies suggested that Phengodidae might possibly include (or be sister taxon to) the long-lipped beetles,<ref>ZARAGOZA-CABALLERO & ZURITA-GARCÍA (2015) A preliminary study on the phylogeny of the family Phengodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zootaxa 3947: 527–542.</ref> which were formerly treated as a family Telegeusidae, but these are now treated as a subfamily within the family Omethidae.<ref>ROZA, André Silva; CONSTANTIN, Robert; MERMUDES, José Ricardo Miras. Pseudotelegeusis meloi sp. nov., the first Telegeusinae from Peru (Coleoptera: Omethidae, Telegeusinae). European Journal of Taxonomy, [S.l.], n. 580, nov. 2019. ISSN 2118-9773. Available at: <https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/809>. Date accessed: 06 dec. 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.580.</ref>
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GeneraEdit
- Acladocera
- Adendrocera
- Brasilocerus
- Cenophengus
- Cephalophrixothorax
- Cydistus
- Decamastinocerus
- Distremocephalus
- Eurymastinocerus
- Euryognathus
- Euryopa
- Howdenia
- Mastinocerus
- Mastinomorphus
- Mastinowittmerus
- Microcydistus
- Microphengodes
- Neophengus
- Nephromma
- Oxymastinocerus
- Paramastinocerus
- Paraptorthodius
- Penicillophorus
- Phengodes
- Phrixothrix
- Pseudomastinocerus
- Pseudophengodes
- Ptorthodiellus
- Ptorthodius
- Spangleriella
- Steneuryopa
- Stenocladius
- Stenophrixothrix
- Taximastinocerus
- Zarhipis