Philidor Defence

The Philidor Defence (or Philidor's Defence) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Nf3 d6

The opening is named after the famous 18th-century player François-André Danican Philidor, who advocated it as an alternative to the common 2...Nc6. His original idea was to challenge White's Template:Chessgloss by the pawn thrust ...f7–f5.

Today, the Philidor is known as a Template:Chessgloss but passive choice for Black, and is seldom seen in top-level play except as an alternative to the heavily analysed openings that can ensue after the normal 2...Nc6. It is considered a good opening for amateur players who seek a defensive strategy that is simpler and easier to understand than the complex positions that result from an opening such as the French Defence.

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code for Philidor Defence is C41. Template:AN chess

History

In his 1561 book, Ruy Lopez, seeking to debunk Pedro Damiano, advocated 2...d6 as superior to 2...Nc6, on the grounds that 2...Nc6 allows the strong move 3.Bb5, now known as the Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening. Philidor evidently concurred with this assessment, though he also considered 2.Nf3 inferior to 2.Bc4. Philidor advocated the risky continuation 3.d4 f5!? The Philidor Defence subsequently became a popular opening, though 2...Nc6 remained the most common reply.

The Philidor occurred in one of the most famous games ever played, "The Opera Game" played in 1858 between the American chess master Paul Morphy and two strong amateurs, the German noble Duke Karl of Brunswick and the French aristocrat Count Isouard. The game continued 3.d4 Bg4, a deviation from modern standard lines. The Philidor Defence declined in popularity as Template:Chessgloss became more developed, and it had almost completely vanished from top-tier chess by World War I.

Template:As of, there are no top players who employ the Philidor with regularity, although Étienne Bacrot and Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu have occasionally experimented with it in classical play. Its popularity in master play has increased slightly, however, over the last 20 years. It has also become fairly popular in rapid, blitz, and bullet chess.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Main line: 3.d4

With 3.d4, White immediately challenges Black in the Template:Chessgloss. Black has several options.

3...exd4

The most common Black response is 3...exd4 which relieves the central Template:Chessgloss, although it gives up the centre. After 4.Nxd4 Nf6 (4...d5 5.exd5, the Paulsen Attack,<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 293. Paulsen Attack.</ref> continues 5...Qxd5 6.Qe2+ Be7 7.Nb5 Na6 8.N1c3Template:Chesspunc Paulsen<ref>Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 214, n. 19.</ref>) 5.Nc3, Black normally continues ...Be7 and ...0-0 (the Antoshin Variation) and achieves a strong defensive position. A sample line is: 5...Be7 6.Bc4 0-0 7.0-0 c6, and the position is almost Template:Chessgloss.

In this line Black can also fianchetto his bishop to g7, although this is uncommon. Bent Larsen tried this in a few games, including a draw against Mikhail Tal in 1969.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Instead of 4.Nxd4, White can play 4.Qxd4, as Paul Morphy favoured, intending 4...Nc6 5.Bb5 Bd7 6.Bxc6 Bxc6 7.Nc3 Nf6 8.Bg5 followed by 0-0-0. This line was played in many 19th-century games.

Hanham Variation

The other main option for Black is to maintain the central tension and adopt a setup with ...Nd7, ...Be7, and ...c6. This plan is named the Hanham Variation (after the American chess master James Moore Hanham) and was favoured by Aron Nimzowitsch. A common line is: 3...Nf6 4.Nc3 Nbd7 5.Bc4 Be7 6.0-0 (6.Ng5 is an interesting alternative: after 6...0-0 7.Bxf7+ Rxf7 8.Ne6 Qe8 9.Nxc7 Qd8 10.Nxa8, White is up Template:Chessgloss, but Black can develop a strong initiative after, for example, 10...b5 11.Nxb5 Qa5+) 6...0-0 7.a4 (to prevent ...b5) c6 (Template:Em).

Grandmaster (GM) Larry Kaufman notes that the Hanham Variation aims to maintain Black's pawn on e5, analogously to closed lines of the Ruy Lopez, and opines that "it would be quite popular and on a par with the major defences to 1.e4, except for the annoying detail that Black can't actually reach the Hanham position by force."<ref>Kaufman 2004, p. 65.</ref>

As an alternative to 4.Nc3 in response to Black's 3...Nf6, according to both Kaufman and GM Christian Bauer, White retains some advantage with: 4.dxe5Template:Chesspunc Nxe4 5.Qd5! (the Rellstab Variation;<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 334. Rellstab Variation.</ref> 5.Nbd2 is the Sokolsky Variation<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 378. Sokolsky Variation.</ref>) 5...Nc5 6.Bg5 Be7 7.exd6 Qxd6 8.Nc3.<ref name="Kaufman p.69">Kaufman 2004, p. 69.</ref><ref>Bauer 2006, p. 32.</ref>

Alternative move order

Black sometimes tries 3...Nd7 intending 4.Nc3 Ngf6, reaching the Hanham Variation. But then 4.Bc4! is awkward for Black to meet, since 4...Ngf6 loses to 5.dxe5 Nxe5 (5...dxe5Template:Chesspunc 6.Ng5! wins) 6.Nxe5 dxe5 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qxd8 Bb4+ 9.Qd2 Bxd2+ 10.Nxd2 winning a pawn, and 4...Be7 loses a pawn to 5.dxe5 Nxe5 (5...dxe5?? 6.Qd5! wins) 6.Nxe5 dxe5 7.Qh5!<ref name="Kaufman p.69"/><ref>Bauer 2006, p. 16.</ref> So 4...c6 is best for Black, but leaves White with the advantage of the Template:Chessgloss after 5.0-0 Be7 6.dxe5 dxe5 (6...Nxe5 loses a pawn to 7.Nxe5 dxe5 8.Qh5) 7.Ng5! Bxg5 8.Qh5! Qe7 and now 9.Bxg5 or 9.Qxg5.<ref>Bauer 2006, pp. 17–22.</ref>

Black experiments to reach the Hanham Variation

In recent years, Black has experimented with other Template:Chessgloss in an attempt to reach the Hanham Variation while avoiding 3...Nf6 4.dxe5! and 3...Nd7 4.Bc4!

• One such line is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nbd7 intending 4.Nf3 e5. White can deviate, however, with 4.f4Template:Chesspunc<ref>Bauer 2006, p. 179.</ref><ref name="Kaufman 2004, p. 199">Kaufman 2004, p. 199.</ref> or even 4.g4!?<ref>Bauer 2006, pp. 197–206.</ref>
• Another try is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 e5 which transposes to the Hanham after 4.Nf3 Nbd7, but White can instead try to gain a small advantage with 4.dxe5 (Kaufman opines that 4.Nge2 is "also promising") 4...dxe5 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Bc4.<ref name="Kaufman 2004, p. 199"/> After 4.dxe5, Bauer concludes that "White stands a trifle better", but that "provided he plays accurately, Black doesn't have much to fear following 6.Bc4, by choosing any of the three valid replies, 6...Ke8, 6...Bb4, or 6...Be6. Then 7.Bxe6 fxe6 his position remains a hard nut to crack."<ref>Bauer 2006, p. 174.</ref>

Philidor Countergambit: 3...f5

A more aggressive approach for Black after 3.d4 is 3...f5Template:Chesspunc (Template:Em), Philidor's original intention and recommendation. In the 19th century, 3...f5 was also played by Paul Morphy. The move can lead to more Template:Chessgloss than the other lines, but is often considered dubious.<ref>Kaufman 2004, p. 22.</ref><ref>Bauer 2006, pp. 22–32.</ref> Others maintain that 3...f5 is a valid idea. GM Tony Kosten considers the move respectable in his monograph on the opening.<ref>Tony Kosten, Winning with the Philidor, Batsford Chess, 1992.</ref> The move was also played by David Bronstein and by Teimour Radjabov.

After 3...f5 White has several ways to proceed:

• 4.Nc3 (the Zukertort Variation<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 460. Zukertort Variation.</ref>) and White obtains a clear advantage:
  • 4...fxe4 5.Nxe4 d5 (if 5...Nf6 6.Nxf6 gxf6 7.dxe5 fxe5 8.Bc4 Qf6 9.Ng5Template:Chesspunc Polugaevsky<ref>Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 21.</ref>) 6.Nxe5 dxe4 7.Qh5+ g6 8.Nxg6 Nf6 (if 8...hxg6 9.Qxh8 Be6 10.Qe5+/− Larsen) 9.Qe5+ Kf7 (if 9...Be7 10.Nxh8 Nc6 11.Bb5 Qd5 12.Bg5+/− Zukertort<ref>Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 197, n. 24.</ref>) 10.Bc4+ Kg7 11.Bh6+ Kxh6 12.Nxh8 Bb4+ 13.c3 Qxh8 14.cxb4+/− (Keres).<ref>Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 214, n. 6.</ref>
  • 4...exd4 5.Qxd4 fxe4 (if 5...Nf6 6.e5!<ref name=Korn_note(p) />) 6.Bg5 Nf6 7.Nxe4 Be7 8.Bc4 Nc6 9.Qe3+/− (Sozin).<ref>Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 214, n. 3.</ref>
  • 4...Nf6 5.dxe5 Nxe4 6.Nxe4 fxe4 7.Ng5 d5 8.e6 Bc5 9.Nxe4!+/− (Sozin, Sokolsky).<ref name=Korn_note(p) />
• 4.Bc4 leads to clear advantage for White:
  • 4...exd4 5.Ng5 Nh6 6.0-0 (6.Nxh7, the Jaenisch Variation,<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 185. Jaenisch Variation.</ref> leads to an Template:Chesspunc position after 6...Ng4! 7.Nxf8 Kxf8 8.Qxd4 Nc6<ref name="2C_note14">Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 14.</ref>) 6...Nc6 7.Re1 f4 (or 7...fxe4 8.Nxe4 Ne5 9.Bxh6 gxh6 10.f4 Nxc4 11.Nxd6+ +/−) 8.Bxf4 Qf6 9.Qd2 Ne5 10.Be2 Bg4 11.f3 Bd7 12.Bg3 0-0-0 13.f4+/−.<ref name=3C_note2 />
  • 4...Nf6 5.Ng5 Qe7 (or 5...d5 6.dxe5 dxc4 7.Qxd8+ Kxd8 8.exf6+/−) 6.Bf7+ Kd8 7.Bb3 exd4 8.0-0+/− (Berger).<ref name=2C_note14 />
  • 4...fxe4 5.Nxe5 d5 6.Qh5+ g6 7.Nxg6 Nf6 8.Qe5+ Be7 and continuing either 9.Qxe7+,<ref name=Korn_note(p) /> 9.Nxh8 (Steinitz),<ref name="3C_note2">Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 214, n. 2.</ref> or 9.Bb5+ (Keres).<ref name=3C_note2 />
• 4.dxe5 forces Black to complicate matters further with 4...fxe4 5.Ng5 d5 with an unclear position.<ref name=3C_note2 />
  • After 6.e6 (the del Rio Attack<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 104. del Rio Attack.</ref>), White obtains the upper hand after 6...Bc5 7.Nc3 (the Berger Variation<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 36. Berger Variation.</ref>), or 6...Nh6 7.Nc3! (Berger);<ref name="2C_note10">Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 10.</ref> however, Black can maintain lack of clarity with 6...Nf6!? 7.Nf7 Qe7 8.Nxh8 Bxe6, or 6...Bb4+ 7.c3 Bc5 8.Nf7 Qf6 9.Be3 Bxe6 10.Nxh8 Bxe3 11.fxe3 Qh4+ 12.g3 Qh6 13.Qd2 Nd7 14.c4 Ne5 15.Be2 dxc4 16.Nc3 Nd3+ 17.Bxd3 exd3 (Makarov).<ref name=2C_note10 /><ref>Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 13.</ref>
  • White also has 6.Nc3!? (Steinitz) and 6.c4.<ref>Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 9.</ref>
• 4.exf5 e4 5.Ng5 Bxf5 6.Nc3 and White has a slight plus after 6...Nf6 7.f3 (Sozin),<ref>Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 8.</ref> or 6...d5 7.f3.<ref name="Korn_note(p)">Korn 1982, p. 16, n. (p).</ref>

3...Bg4?!

Inferior is 3...Bg4Template:Chesspunc, in light of 4.dxe5 Bxf3 (Black cannot recapture since 4...dxe5Template:Chesspunc 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Nxe5 wins a clean pawn; or, Black can gambit a pawn with 4...Nd7, the Albin Variation<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 6. Albin Variation.</ref>) 5.Qxf3 (or White can obtain an endgame advantage with 5.gxf3 dxe5 6.Qxd8+ Kxd8 7.f4Template:Chesspunc Maróczy<ref name="2C_note7">Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 7.</ref>) 5...dxe5 6.Bc4 giving White the advantage of the Template:Chessgloss in an open position as well as a large Template:Chessgloss advantage. Black cannot block the attack on the f7-pawn with the "natural" 6...Nf6? because White wins a pawn with 7.Qb3 (played in the famous "Opera Game", where Morphy as White refrained from taking the b7-pawn and retained a strong Template:Chessgloss after 7...Qe7 8.Nc3). Black does better with 6...Qf6 7.Qb3 Bc5 8.0-0 Bb6 9.a4 a5 10.Nc3 Ne7 11.Be3 Nd7 12.Rad1+/−, or 6...Qd7!? (Maróczy).<ref name=2C_note7 />

Other 3rd moves for White

An alternative approach for White is 3.Bc4, delaying d2–d4, or forgoing it entirely, playing d2–d3 instead. The move 3.Bc4 is also White's route to a possible Légal Trap. Some continuations:

• 3...Nc6 Template:Chessgloss to the Semi-Italian Opening.<ref>Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 214, n. 1.</ref>
• 3...f5 is the López Countergambit:<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 234. López Countergambit.</ref>
  • 4.d4 transposes to the Philidor Countergambit.<ref name=2C_note2 />
  • Or unique positions can be obtained such as 4.d3 c6, possibly followed by ...f5–f4, ...b7–b5, ...a7–a5, and even ...g7–g5 and ...h7–h5, where all black pawns have moved before any piece.<ref>François André Philidor, Analyse du jeu des Échecs, 1749.</ref>
• Or Black can try 3...Be7!?<ref name="2C_note2">Matanović 1981 (Vol C), p. 196, n. 2.</ref> e.g. 4.0-0 (4.c3 is the Steinitz Variation<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 398. Steinitz Variation.</ref>) Nf6 5.Re1 0-0 6.d4 exd4 7.Nxd4 a6.<ref>Kasparov & Keene 1982, p. 294.</ref>

Against the alternative 3.c3, Black can try 3...f5 (3...Nc6 4.d4 Nf6 transposes to the Ponziani Opening) 4.exf5 Bxf5 5.Qb3 Nf6 6.Ng5 d5 7.Qxb7 Nbd7 8.Qc6 Bd6 with Template:Chessgloss and Template:Chessgloss.<ref name=2C_note2 />

See also

• List of chess openings
• List of chess openings named after people

References

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

• Opening overview