Philippine Declaration of Independence
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use Philippine English Template:Infobox document Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution
The Philippine Declaration of Independence (Template:Langx; Template:Langx)Template:Efn was proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces general Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. It asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine islands from the 300 years of colonial rule from Spain.
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HistoryEdit
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In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began. In December 1897, the Spanish government and the revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries $MXN800,000Template:Efn and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong. In April 1898, shortly after the beginning of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey, aboard the USS Olympia, sailed into Manila Bay, leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, the United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards. The U.S. Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the USS McCulloch, and on May 19, he arrived in Cavite.<ref>Agoncillo, page 157</ref>
The Proclamation on June 12Edit
Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit), Cavite, some Template:Convert south of Manila. The event saw the unfurling of the flag of the Philippines, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza, and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national anthem, now known as Lupang Hinirang, which was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band.
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Declaration was signed by 98 people,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> among them a United States Army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The final paragraph states that there was a "stranger" (stranger in English translation—extranjero in the original Spanish, meaning foreigner) who attended the proceedings, Mr. L. M. Johnson, described as "a citizen of the U.S.A., a Colonel of Artillery".<ref>Dean Conant Worcester, in his 1914 book The Philippines: Past and Present Template:Harv, says:
- "Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey; but neither he nor any of his officers were present. It was, however, important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States. 'Colonel' Johnson, ex-hotel keeper of Shanghai, who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph, kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo's Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation. His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo. It is possible that his position as a colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion!"
Worcester attributes this to "Taylor, 26 A J.", referring to Major J. R. M. Taylor, who translated and compiled insurgent records</ref> Despite his prior military experience, Johnson had no official role in the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The only copy of the "Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino" or "The Birth Certificate of the Filipino Nation", handwritten by Lt. Col. Jose Bañuelo, was sold for P11.4 million at the Leon Gallery auction on September 14, 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
RatificationEdit
The proclamation of Philippine independence was only promulgated on August 1, when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo.<ref>Template:Citation. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)</ref><ref>Template:Citation. (Original handwritten Spanish)</ref> There were 190 municipal presidents from different towns in 16 provinces—Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Infanta, Morong, Tayabas, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, La Union, and Zambales—who ratified the Proclamation of Independence in Bacoor, Cavite.
Later, at Malolos, Bulacan, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini, who objected to the original proclamation, which essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States.
Struggle for independenceEdit
The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain. Instead, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that took effect afer the exchange of ratifications on April 11, 1899, marking the end of the Spanish-American War.
The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognize the treaty or American sovereignty and subsequently fought and lost a conflict with the United States originally referred to by the Americans as the "Philippine Insurrection" but now generally and officially called the Philippine–American War. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces on March 23, 1901,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Failed verificationTemplate:Dead link and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Failed verificationTemplate:Dead link On July 2, 1902, U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root telegraphed that the Filipino insurrection had come to an end, and provincial civil governments had been established everywhere except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Pockets of resistance continued for several years.
Following the end of World War II, the United States granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946, via the Treaty of Manila.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4, 1964, when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166, designating June 12 as the country's Independence Day.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> June 12 was previously observed as Flag Day, and many government buildings are urged to display the Philippine Flag in their offices.
Current location of the DeclarationEdit
The Declaration is currently housed in the National Library of the Philippines.<ref name=ABSCBN /> It is not on public display, but like any other document held by the National Library, it can be viewed with permission.
During the Philippine–American War, the American government captured and sent to the United States about 400,000 historical documents.<ref name=CNN /> In 1958, the documents were given to the Philippine government along with two sets of microfilm of the entire collection, with the U.S. Federal Government keeping one set.<ref name=CNN />
The Declaration was stolen from the National Library sometime in the 1980s or 1990s.<ref name=ABSCBN /> As part of a larger investigation into the widespread theft of historical documents and a subsequent public appeal for the return of stolen documents, the Declaration was returned to the National Library in 1994 by historian and University of the Philippines professor Milagros Guerrero, who mediated the return of the documents.<ref name=CNN>Template:Cite news</ref>
The text of the "Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People"Edit
Template:Sister project Template:Expand section The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is part of a long line of declarations of independence, including the United States Declaration of Independence. It includes a list of grievances against the Spanish government stretching back to Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in 1521. It confers upon "our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty."<ref>Wikisource:Philippine Declaration of Independence</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
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ReferencesEdit
- History of the Filipino People. Teodoro A. Agoncillo
- National Library of the Philippines
- Philippine History Group of Los Angeles
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