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Pierre Messmer

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Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 20 March 1916Template:Spaced ndash29 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since Étienne François, duc de Choiseul under Louis XV – and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974. A member of the French Foreign Legion, he was considered one of the historical Gaullists, and died aged 91 in the military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce in August 2007. He was elected a member of the Académie française in 1999; his seat was taken over by Simone Veil.<ref name=Monde>Thomas Ferenczi, Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort Template:Webarchive, Le Monde, 29 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref>

Early careerEdit

Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer was born in Vincennes in 1916. He graduated in 1936 in the language school ENLOV and the following year at the Ecole nationale de la France d'outre-mer (National School of Oversea France).<ref name=Monde />

He then became a senior civil servant in the colonial administration and became a Doctor of Laws in 1939. In the outbreak of World War II, he was sous-lieutenant of the 12th regiment of Senegalese tirailleurs, and refused France's capitulation after the defeat.<ref name=Monde /> He then hijacked in Marseille an Italian cargo ship (the Capo Olmo), along with his friend Jean Simon (a future French General), and sailed first to Gibraltar, then London and engaged himself in the Free French Forces as a member of the 13th Demi-Brigade of the French Foreign Legion.<ref name=Monde /><ref name=Fig />

Messmer then participated to the campaign in Eritrea, in Syria, in Libya, participating to the Battle of Bir Hakeim, and in the Tunisia campaign.<ref name=Monde /> He also fought at the Battle of El Alamein in Egypt.<ref name=RFI>Messmer, légionnaire et baron gaulliste Template:Webarchive, Radio France International, 30 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref> He joined in London General Koenig's military staff and participated in the landings in Normandy in August 1944 and the Liberation of Paris.<ref name=Monde />

Named Compagnon de la Libération in 1941,<ref name=Fig /> he received the Croix de guerre (War Cross) with six citations after the Liberation, as well as the medal of the Resistance.<ref name=Monde />

After World War IIEdit

After World War II, he returned to the colonies and was a prisoner of war of the Vietminh, during two months in 1945, after the outbreak of the First Indochina War.<ref name=Monde /> He was named the following year general secretary of the interministerial committee for Indochina and then head of staff of the high commissary of the Republic.<ref name=Monde />

Colonial administrator in AfricaEdit

Messmer began his high-level African service as governor of Mauritania from 1952 to 1954, and then served as governor of Ivory Coast from 1954 to 1956, when he briefly returned to Paris in the staff of Gaston Defferre, Minister of Overseas Territories who enacted the Defferre Act granting to colonial territories internal autonomy, a first step towards independence.

That same year, Messmer was nominated as governor general of Cameroun, where a civil war had started the preceding year following the outlawing of the independentist Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) in July 1955. He initiated a decolonization process and imported the counter-revolutionary warfare methods theorized in Indochina and implemented during the Algerian War (1954–62).<ref name=R89>David Servenay, Pierre Messmer, un soldat que le Cameroun n'a pas oublié Template:Webarchive, Rue 89, 30 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref> Visiting de Gaulle in Paris, he was implicitly granted permission for his change of policies in Cameroon, which exchanged repression for negotiations with the UPC.<ref name=R89 />

A "Pacification Zone" – the ZOPAC (Zone de pacification du Cameroon) was created on 9 December 1957, englobing 7,000 square km controlled by seven infantry regiments.<ref name=R89 /> Furthermore, a civilian-military intelligence apparatus was created, combining colonial and local staff, assisted by a civilian militia. Mao Zedong's people's war was reversed in an attempt to separate the civilian population from the guerrilla. In that aim, the local population was rounded up in guarded villages located on the main roads that were controlled by the French Army.<ref name=R89 />

Messmer served as high commissioner of French Equatorial Africa from January 1958 to July 1958, and as high commissioner of French West Africa from 1958 to 1959.Template:Cn

Minister of Armies (1959–1969)Edit

From 1959 to 1969, under Charles de Gaulle's presidency and in the turmoil of the Algerian War, he was Minister of Armies. He was confronted with the 1961 Generals' Putsch, reorganised the French Army and adapted it to the nuclear era.<ref name=Monde />

In 1960, Messmer visited Lisbon and expressed lament for the United Nations resolutions against colonialism and approved of the Estado Novo regime's hardline stance against decolonisation on the grounds that Portugal represented the last vestige of white Western civilisation on the African continent.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Messmer gave permission for former Algerian War veterans to fight in Katanga against the newly independent Congo and United Nations peacekeeping forces. He confided to Roger Trinquier that it was de Gaulle's ambition to replace the Belgians and control a reunited Congo from Élisabethville.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Along with the Minister of Research, Gaston Palewski, Messmer was present at the Béryl nuclear test in Algeria, on 1 May 1962 during which an accident occurred. Officials, soldiers, and Algerian workers escaped as they could, often without wearing any protection. Palewski died in 1984 of leukemia, which he always has attributed to the Beryl incident, and Messmer always remained close-mouthed on the affair.<ref name="Hum">La bombe atomique en héritage, L'Humanité, 21 February 2007 Template:In lang</ref><ref>Template:Usurped, Sortir du nucléaire, HNS, 2 September 2007 Template:In lang</ref>

De Gaulle said that along with Maurice Couve de Murville, Messmer was "one of his two arms.<ref name=RFI /> " In May 68, he advised de Gaulle against the use of the military.<ref name=Monde />Template:Clarify

Messmer became a personality of the Gaullist Party and was elected deputy in 1968, representing Moselle département. A member of the conservative wing of the Gaullist movement, he criticised the "New Society" plan of Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas and thus won the trust of Georges Pompidou, elected President in 1969.<ref name=RFI /> He quit the government after de Gaulle's resignation and founded the association Présence du gaullisme (Presence of Gaullism).<ref name=Monde />

From the 1970s to the 2000sEdit

He occupied cabinet positions again in the 1970s, serving first as Minister of state charged of the Overseas Territories in 1971,<ref name=1972speech>Discours de politique générale Template:Webarchive (General Politics Speech) of Messmer during his 1972 investiture, French government's website Template:In lang</ref> then as Prime Minister from July 1972 to May 1974.

Messmer's cabinet (July 1972 – May 1974)Edit

He succeeded in this function to Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who had adopted a parliamentary reading of the Constitution, which Messmer opposed in his investiture speech.<ref name=1972speech /> Messmer had been chosen by Pompidou as a guarant of his fidelity to de Gaulle, and his cabinet included personalities close to Pompidou, such as Jacques Chirac, named Minister of Agriculture.<ref name=Politique>Le gouvernement de Pierre Messmer Template:Webarchive, politique.net, Template:In lang</ref>

Due to President Georges Pompidou's illness, he dealt with the everyday administration of the country and adopted a conservative stance opposed to Chaban-Delmas' previous policies. Henceforth, he stopped the liberalization of the ORTF media governmental organization, naming as its CEO Arthur Conte, a personal friend of Pompidou.<ref name=Politique />

Under his government, the Union des Démocrates pour la République (UDR) presidential majority negotiated with Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's Independent Republicans an electoral alliance, which enabled it to win the 1973 elections despite the left-wing union realized with the 1972 Common Program.<ref name=Politique /> Messmer's second cabinet excluded several Gaullists, among whom Michel Debré, while he named several Independent Republicans members, such as Michel Poniatowski, close to Giscard, himself named Minister of Economy and Finances.<ref name=Politique /> A Ministry of Information was also re-created and put under the authority of an ultra-conservative, Philippe Malaud.<ref name=Politique /> In June 1974, he initiated the construction of 13 nuclear plants in order to confront the "choc pétrolier" (oil crisis).<ref name=Monde /><ref>Interview of Pierre Messmer Template:Webarchive on 3 June 1974 (film), on the French government's website Template:In lang</ref>

In 1974, when Pompidou died, those close to Messmer encouraged him to run for president. He accepted at the condition of Chaban-Delmas, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Edgar Faure's withdrawals. Faure accepted, as well as Giscard on the condition that Chaban-Delmas also withdrew himself. However, Chaban-Delmas, despite the Canard enchaînéTemplate:'s campaign against him, maintained himself, leading Messmer to withdraw his candidacy. Finally, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a conservative rival of the Gaullists, was elected. He served as prime minister for another few weeks after Pompidou's death, ending his term after the presidential elections. Jacques Chirac replaced him on 29 May 1974.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the election of Giscard, he never held again ministerial offices, and became one of the historical voices of Gaullism.<ref name=RFI />

Later career and deathEdit

Messmer remained a Member of Parliament for the Moselle department until 1988, and served as President of the Lorraine regional assembly from 1968 to 1992. He was mayor of the town of Sarrebourg from 1971 to 1989. Messmer was also president of the Rally for the Republic (RPR) parliamentary group during the first cohabitation (1986–1988), under Jacques Chirac's government.<ref name=Monde /> In 1997 he testified as a witness during the trial of Maurice Papon, charged of crimes against humanity committed under the Vichy regime, and declared: "The time has come when the Frenchmen could stop hating themselves and begin to grant pardon to themselves".<ref>French: "Le temps est venu où les Français pourraient cesser de se haïr et commencer de se pardonner", quoted by Thomas Ferenczi in Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort Template:Webarchive, Le Monde, 29 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref> Along with some other former Resistants, he demanded Papon's pardon in 2001.<ref name=Monde />

He died in 2007 aged 91, just four days after fellow Prime Minister Raymond Barre. He was the last surviving major French Politician to have been a member of the Free French forces.

Political careerEdit

Governmental functions

  • Prime Minister: 1972–1974
  • Minister of State, Minister of Departments and Overseas Territories: 1971–1972
  • Minister of Armies: 1960–1969

Electoral mandates

National Assembly

Regional Council

  • President of the Regional Council of Lorraine: 1978–1979
  • Regional councillor of Lorraine: 1968–1992

General Council

  • General councillor of Moselle: 1970–1982

Municipal Council

HonoursEdit

An important figure of the French Resistance during World War II, Pierre Messmer was a member of the Ordre de la Libération, and the recipient of numerous decorations including the highest rank of the Légion d'honneur. In 2006, he was named Chancellier de l'Ordre de la Libération after the death of General Alain de Boissieu.<ref name=Fig /> He was also an officer of the American Legion.<ref name=Fig />

In 1992 he became president of the Institut Charles de Gaulle and, in 1995, of the Fondation Charles de Gaulle.<ref name=Monde />

He also became elected as a member of the Académie française (the French language academy) in 1999, replacing a Gaullist comrade, Maurice Schumann.<ref name=Monde /> He was also a member of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences since 1988, and, since 1976, of the Académie des sciences d'outre-mer (Academy of Sciences of Overseas Territories). He was named perpetual secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1995.<ref name=Fig>Pierre Messmer est mort Template:Webarchive, Le Figaro, 29 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref> He was also chancellor of the Institut de France (1998–2005) before becoming honorary chancellor.<ref name=Fig />

In October 2001, Messmer succeeded to the General Jean Simon as President of the Fondation de la France libre (Foundation of Free France).<ref name=Fig />

NationalEdit

ForeignEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Messmer's First Ministry, 5 July 1972 – 2 April 1973Edit

Changes

  • 15 March 1973 – André Bettencourt succeeds Schumann as interim Minister of Foreign Affairs.
  • 16 March 1973 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Pleven as interim Minister of Justice.

Messmer's Second Ministry, 6 April 1973 – 1 March 1974Edit

Changes

Messmer's Third Ministry, 1 March – 28 May 1974Edit

Changes

  • 11 April 1974 – Hubert Germain succeeds Royer as interim Minister of Posts and Telecommunications.

BibliographyEdit

  • 1939 Le Régime administratif des emprunts coloniaux. Thesis for his Doctorate of Laws (Librairie juridique et administrative)
  • 1977 Le Service militaire. Débat avec Jean-Pierre Chevènement (Balland)
  • 1985 Les Écrits militaires du général de Gaulle, in collaboration with Professor Alain Larcan (PUF)
  • 1992 Après tant de batailles, Mémoires (Albin Michel)
  • 1998 Les Blancs s’en vont. Récits de décolonisation (Albin Michel)
  • 2002 La Patrouille perdue (Albin Michel)
  • 2003 Ma part de France (Xavier de Guibert)

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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