Pilatus PC-6 Porter
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox aircraft
The Pilatus PC-6 Porter is a single-engined STOL utility aircraft designed by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. First flown in 1959, the PC-6 was produced at Pilatus Flugzeugwerke in Stans, Switzerland. It has been built in both piston engine- and turboprop-powered versions, and was produced under licence for a time by Fairchild Hiller in the United States. After 604 deliveries in 63 years, Pilatus ended production in 2022.<ref name=AIN13dec2022/>
DevelopmentEdit
On 4 May 1959, the first prototype, powered by a 254 kW (340 shp) piston engine, made its maiden flight.<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/> In early May 1961, the first Turbo Porter, powered by a Turbomeca Astazou II turboprop engine, performed its initial flight.<ref name = "fricker 38">Fricker 1962, p. 38.</ref> In comparison to its earlier piston engine-powered incarnation, the Astazou II-equipped Turbo Porter had an increased gross capacity and top speed, as well as benefitting from the engine's automatic handling functions. These benefits came at the expense of the greater initial purchase cost and higher fuel consumption.<ref name = "fricker 38"/> Both the piston and turbine-engine versions of the PC-6 became quickly known for their Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) capabilities, requiring only a very short takeoff run before being ready for rotation prior to taking off.<ref name = "fricker 102">Fricker 1962, p. 102.</ref> Its unit cost in 1962 was $55,000<ref name = "fricker 103">Fricker 1962, p. 103.</ref>
The initial turbine-powered models of the PC-6 were equipped with the Astazou II powerplant, however complaints on the reliability of this engine led to another early turboprop powerplant becoming available for the PC-6. This was the Garrett AiResearch TPE 331. Some operators such as Air America chose to retrofit their Astazou II-powered PC-6s with the TPE 331 engine.<ref name = "air america">Leeker, Joe F. "Air America: Pilatus / Fairchild PC-6 Turbo Porters." Template:Webarchive University of Texas at Dallas, 24 August 2015.</ref> In May 1966, the first PC-6 to be equipped with the Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A engine performed its maiden flight.<ref name="auto">Moll 1993, p. 65.</ref>
To offset rising labour and manufacturing costs in Switzerland, Pilatus distributed manufacturing work on the PC-6 to other countries; in 1993, Czech Republic–based Letov Kbely began manufacturing activity upon the type.<ref name = "small beaut"/> Its unit cost in 2010 was $1,900,000.<ref name = "flight test"/> In 2013, Pilatus formed a joint venture with Beijing Tian Xing Jian Yu Science Co., Ltd. to locally manufacture the PC-6 and the newer Pilatus PC-12 in Chongqing, China; initially this facility performed subassembly work on the fuselage, and later other elements such as the wings and moving surfaces, which were transported to Pilatus' final assembly facility in Stans, Switzerland.<ref>Spruce, Terry. "Pilatus forms joint venture and opens new facility in China." Template:Webarchive Corporate Jet Investor, 7 August 2013.</ref><ref>"Pilatus Bets On PC-6 Porter for China." Template:Webarchive Aviation Week, 11 November 2014.</ref> Global production of the PC-6 will eventually be transferred to the Chongqing facility. On 11 December 2014, the first Chinese-assembled PC-6 fuselage was completed.<ref>"Swiss PC-6 aircraft fuselage tapes out." Template:Webarchive China Daily, 18 December 2014.</ref><ref>"Pilatus PC-6 Airplanes." Template:Webarchive China Daily, 7 January 2014.</ref> In 2014, the majority of PC-6s delivered that year were to Chinese customers.<ref>Trautvetter, Chad. "Pilatus Tops $1B in Revenues for Second Year in a Row." Template:Webarchive AIN Online, 9 April 2015.</ref> By April 2016, around 20 PC-6s were in operation in the Chinese market; the type has often been used to replace the Antonov An-2, being reportedly cheaper to operate.<ref>Thurber, Matt. "Pilatus PC-6 Proves Popular in China." AIN Online, 13 April 2016.</ref>
The Porter was also manufactured under license by Fairchild Hiller in the United States. Roughly 100 of these licence-produced aircraft would be completed, being mainly purchased by civil operators within the US.<ref name = "air america"/><ref name = "moll 64"/> A number of Fairchild Hiller-built PC-6s were also procured for military operations during the Vietnam War. It received the designation AU-23A Peacemaker for service with the U.S. Air Force. The Peacemaker was fitted with a side-firing 20mm XM-197 Gatling cannon, four wing pylons and a centre fuselage station for external ordnance. However, the AU-23A proved to be troublesome in service. All of them were returned to the continental U.S. and placed into storage after only a single year of operation. In 1979, a pair of UV-20s were assigned to the aviation detachment of the Berlin Brigade in Germany due to their suitability for operating within the heavily restricted airspace; they were fitted for carrying either cargo, up to eleven passengers, or three litters with four medical attendants.<ref>Johnson and Jones 2013, pp. 433.</ref>
After nearly 600 deliveries in six decades including about 90 Fairchild-Hiller built and 425 PT6-powered, but only 52 in the last ten years, Pilatus will close the orderbook from summer 2018 and will roll off the last one in early 2019 while parts production will continue for at least 20 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Due to pandemic delays, the last PC-6 Porter was instead delivered in December 2022 after 604 produced in 63 years.<ref name=AIN13dec2022>Template:Cite news</ref>
DesignEdit
The Pilatus PC-6 Porter is a Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) utility aircraft. The majority of aircraft are powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop engine, which drives a fully reversible, constant-speed, three-bladed HC-B3TN-3D (or an alternative four-bladed HC-D4N-3P) Hartzell aluminium propeller via a reduction gearbox.<ref name = "pc6 factsheet"/><ref name = "pc6 broch"/><ref>"Datalink." Template:Webarchive Flying Magazine, November 2002. p. 50. Vol. 129, No. 11. ISSN 0015-4806.</ref> Pilatus claims that it possesses unique STOL capabilities, capable of landing in places only otherwise accessible by rotorcraft.<ref name = "pc6 broch"/> It is fully capable of being operated from unprepared rough airstrips, in remote areas, hot climates and at high altitudes in all-weather conditions. In particular, the undercarriage employed provides for high wing and propeller clearances, making the PC-6 less susceptible to damage than conventional nosewheel-type undercarriages.<ref name = "pc6 broch"/> For further landing versatility, various types of landing gear may be optionally installed allowing it to operate from different types of terrain; options include floats for water landings and skis for landing on snow.<ref name="pc6 factsheet">"PC-6: The World's Leading STOL." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 17 March 2016.</ref>
Early models of the PC-6 were equipped with a full instrument panel as standard, and were reportedly easy for unfamiliar pilots to intuit.<ref name = "fricker 101"/> Later-manufactured PC-6s are equipped with a Garmin G950 glass cockpit in place of analog instrumentation; the majority of earlier-produced PC-6s can also be retrofitted with a glass cockpit.<ref name = "flight test">Collins, Peter. "FLIGHT TEST: Pilatus PC-6." Template:Webarchive Flight International, 28 September 2010.</ref><ref>"Cockpit." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 20 March 2016.</ref> In addition to its flight functionality, the G950 system acts as a remote maintenance unit and electronic flight bag all in one. Two large 10.4-inch liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are present, functioning as the Primary Flight Display for all key flight information and the Multi-function Display for system/mission management. Fully independent secondary flight instrumentation is also provided to provide backup altitude, attitude, and airspeed information in the event of complete electrical failure.<ref name = "flight test"/><ref name = "pc6 broch"/> The cockpit has been designed for single pilot operations; additional flight controls for a co-pilot can be optionally fitted.<ref name = "pc6 factsheet"/> Other optional features include an autopilot (capable of operating within all phases of flight), traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), weather radar, satellite phone, LIDAR, forward-looking infrared (FLIR) and lightning detector; in addition, onboard electrical and avionics equipment are readily modifiable to conform with customer requirements.<ref name = "flight test"/><ref name = "pc6 broch"/>
The airframe is of a rugged and low-maintenance construction; featuring high levels of accessibility, interchangeability, and favourable manning levels.<ref name="pc6 broch">"PV-6 Turbo Porter: Anywhere, Anytime, in any Environment." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 19 March 2016.</ref> The wings, fuselage, and empennage are manufactured using conventional semi-monocoque construction techniques, the primary structure being composed of aluminium;<ref name = "pc6 broch"/> the central structure retains critical strength despite the cutout areas for the sliding doors of the main cabin.<ref name = "fricker 101">Fricker 1962, p. 101.</ref> Corrosion resistance is achieved via a combination of plating and a polyurethane-based enamel paint.<ref name = "pc6 broch"/> The simple nature of the structure allows for ease of repair in the field.<ref name = "moll 64"/> Features such as low-pressure tyres, twin-caliper disc brakes, and a highly energy-absorbent undercarriage enable the aircraft to be capable of operating from rough or otherwise challenging terrain.<ref>"Operational Area." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 20 March 2016.</ref>
For role flexibility, individual aircraft can be easily converted between various mission types, such as transport, paradrop, aerial photography, surveillance, air medical services and search and rescue duties.<ref name = "pc6 factsheet"/><ref name = "pc6 broch"/> A maximum of ten passengers, or a 2,200 lb payload, may be carried within the aircraft's main cabin area within the rear section of the fuselage; the standard passenger seats are designed to allow for rapid removal and may be stowed within an optional separate externally-accessed seat stowage compartment behind the main cabin.<ref name = "pc6 broch"/><ref>"Cabin." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 20 March 2016.</ref> The main cabin area is furnished with soundproofing measures, ventilation, and heating as standard.<ref name = "fricker 101"/> A maximum of three fuel tanks can also be carried in the main cabin, accordingly reducing payload capacity, to increase the aircraft's flight endurance.<ref name = "pc6 broch"/> In addition to the large sliding doors at either side of the main cabin, separate hinged doors are present on either side of the cockpit; an optional pilot-controlled trapdoor, to accommodate supply drops or surveillance payloads, may also be installed in the center of the cabin floor without any design changes required.<ref name = "air america"/><ref name = "pc6 factsheet"/><ref>"Porter in England." Template:Webarchive Flight International, 1 January 1960. p. 13.</ref> Additional equipment include a firefighting system, aerial application system, underwing tanks, sand filters, propeller de-icing system, mudguard, tailwheel debris guard, oxygen system, and additional power distribution system.<ref name = "moll 64"/><ref name = "pc6 broch"/><ref>"Special Missions." Template:Webarchive Pilatus Aircraft, Retrieved: 20 March 2016.</ref>
Operational historyEdit
Template:Expand section The PC-6 is noted for its Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) performance on almost any type of terrain - it can take off within a distance of Template:Convert and land within a distance of Template:Convert while carrying a payload of 2,646 lbs (1,200 kg). Thanks to its STOL performance, the PC-6 holds the world record for highest landing by a fixed-wing aircraft, at Template:Convert, on the Dhaulagiri glacier in Nepal.<ref>Isserman, Weaver and Molenaar 2008, p. 358.</ref>
Due to the type's favourable STOL characteristics, described by the magazine Flying as being "one of the most helicopter-like airplanes in terms of takeoff performance", Pilatus has deliberately marketed the PC-6 towards helicopter operators at times, feeling the type to be complementary to their typical mode of operation.<ref name = "moll 64"/> According to Pilatus, the PC-6 can provide very similar surveillance capabilities to a rotorcraft at a significantly lower cost to operate and procure.<ref name = "small beaut">Moxon, Julian. "Small is beautiful." Template:Webarchive Flight International, 12 June 1996.</ref>
During its early service, the PC-6 Porter was noted for its high level of comfort and usability against competing aircraft.<ref>Fricker 1962, pp. 100–101.</ref> The type has also proven to have a long service life; by 1993, roughly 440 of the 500 PC-6 Turbo Porters completed by that point were still in service.<ref name = "moll 64">Moll 1993, p. 64.</ref>
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Central Intelligence Agency-controlled airline Air America operated up to 23 PC-6s at a time. Many of these were operated in the South-East Asia region, including South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The type was used for various missions, including paradropping supplies to troops, passenger transport, psychological warfare, reconnaissance, prisoner conveyance, airborne radio relay, and other intelligence operations.<ref name = "air america"/>
Since 1976, the Austrian Air Force has operated a fleet of 12 PC-6 Porters as the mainstay of their fixed-wing transport fleet; the type has been used in various support roles, including transport, search and rescue, firefighting, observation, target-towing and paradropping.<ref>Moxon, Julian. "Austria ready to modernise." Template:Webarchive Flight International, 27 October 1999.</ref><ref>"The Austrian Air Force - In the Past and Today." Template:Webarchive Austrian Armed Forces, Retrieved: 20 March 2016.</ref>
According to Flying magazine, around 40 per cent of all PC-6s in use in Europe during the early 1990s were being used by skydivers.<ref name="auto"/>
In 1996, during the First Congo War, Zaire's president Mobutu Sese Seko hired Western European mercenaries (mostly French and Belgian) in an attempt to stop a Rwandan-led offensive. This contingent (part of the White Legion) was supported by a BAE Andover and a Pilatus PC-6B Turbo Porter transports and four Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters.Template:Sfn The Porter was lost after colliding with a Template:Convert tall anthill which damaged the plane's landing gear, causing it to crash-land just a few days after arriving in Zaire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
VariantsEdit
- PC-6/340 Porter
- Initial production version, powered by a 254-kW (340-hp) Lycoming GSO-480-B1A6 flat-six piston engine. Max takeoff weight 1,960 kg (4,320 lb).<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7">Taylor 1965, pp. 126–127.</ref>
- PC-6/340-H1 Porter
- As PC-6/340, but with modified landing gear and increased weight (2,016 kg (4,444 lb)).<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/340-H2 Porter
- As for H-2, but with maximum takeoff weight increased to 2,200 kg (4,850 lb).<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/350 Porter
- As PC-6/340, but powered by a 261 kW (350 hp) Lycoming IGO-540-A1A piston engine.<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/350-H1 Porter
- As for /340 H1 but with O-540 engine.<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/350-H2 Porter
- As for 340 H2 with O-540 engine.<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/A Turbo-Porter
- Initial turboprop powered version, fitted with a 390 kW (523 shp) Turbomeca Astazou IIE or IIG turboprop engine.<ref name="JAWA65 p126-7"/>
- PC-6/A1 Turbo-Porter
- This 1968 version was powered by a 427-kW (573-shp) Turbomeca Astazou XII turboprop engine.
- PC-6/A2 Turbo-Porter
- This 1971 version was powered by a 427-kW (573-shp) Turbomeca Astazou XIVE turboprop engine.
- PC-6/B Turbo-Porter
- This version was powered by a 410-kW (550-shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6A turboprop engine.
- PC-6/B1 Turbo-Porter
- Similar to the PC-6/B, but fitted with a 410-kW (550-shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprop engine.
- PC-6/B2-H2 Turbo-Porter
- Fitted with a 507-kW (680-shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprop engine.
- PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo-Porter
- The B2-H4 has improved airframe structuring and extended, upturned wingtips.
- PC-6/C Turbo-Porter
- One prototype built by Fairchild Industries in the United States, powered by a 429-kW (575-shp) Garrett TPE331-25D turboprop engine.
- PC-6/C1 Turbo-Porter
- Similar to the PC-6/C, but fitted with a 429-kW (575-shp) Garrett TPE 331-1-100 turboprop engine.
- PC-6/C2-H2 Porter
- Developed by Fairchild Industries in the USA. It was powered by a 485-ekW (650-ehp) Garrett TPE 331-101F turboprop engine.
- PC-6/D-H3 Porter
- One prototype, fitted with a 373-kW (500-hp) avco Lycoming turbocharged piston engine.
- AU-23A Peacemaker
- Armed gunship, counter-insurgency, utility transport version for the U.S. Air Force. It was used during the Vietnam War in the early 1970s. 15 were built under licence in the USA by Fairchild Industries.<ref>Fairchild AU-23A. National Museum of the U. S. Air Force. Archived version retrieved December 25, 2017.</ref> All aircraft were sold to Royal Thai Air Force.
- OV-12
- Designation for U.S. version, cancelled 1979.
- UV-20A Chiricahua
- STOL utility transport version for the U.S. Army. Two UV-20As were based in West Berlin from late 1979 until 1991.
- PC-8D Twin Porter
- Twin-engined version flown in 1967, but not subsequently developed.
OperatorsEdit
Template:More citations needed
Current military operatorsEdit
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Former military operatorsEdit
Law enforcement operatorsEdit
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Civil operatorsEdit
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Former civil operatorsEdit
Accidents and incidentsEdit
- 18 November 1981, a Pilatus PC-6 (Porter & Turbo Porter) of Royal Nepal Airlines crashed after it lost height during take-off from Biratnagar Airport in Nepal. The fatalities included 1 crew and 9 passengers with no survivors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 12 November 1991 - An Australian Army Turbo Porter A14-683<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> crashed after it stalled on take off, killing two soldiers. The inquiry identified pilot error as the primary cause. The aircraft was written off.
- 26 December 1999 - A Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo porter registration HB-FKJ<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> crashed near Turin. Because of heavy turbulence, a wing broke away from the fuselage causing the plane to crash; the two people aboard died.
- 15 March 2002 - A United States Army Pilatus UV-20A collided in midair with a Cessna 182C during parachute jumping operations at Marana Regional Airport, near Marana, Arizona. While the Cessna was able to land, the Pilatus entered an uncontrolled dive and crashed, killing the pilot and destroying the aircraft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 30 May 2008 - A Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo porter registration EC-JXH<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> crashed near Lillo, Spain. After going into a stall, the plane's left wing broke causing the door to open, allowing nine skydivers to jump out and survive. One skydiver and the pilot died in the crash.
- 25 April 2012 - A Pilatus PC-6 (PK VVQ), operated by Susi Air, crashed in Kalimantan Timur, Melak district killing the pilot and passenger(s) which was engaged in an Aerial Survey of the area. The aircraft was reported missing at 1710 LT on 25 April with the wreckage found on 26 April, thus confirming the condition of the occupants/aircraft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 19 October 2013 - A Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo Porter registration OO-NAC<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> carrying ten skydivers (instructors and students) and a pilot, lost height and impacted terrain at Fernelmont some ten minutes after takeoff from nearby Namur-Suarlée Airport (EBNM), Belgium. All aboard died. The aircraft (S/N 710) was built in 1969 and had been rebuilt in 2002 by Pilatus Flugzeugwerke following a takeoff accident at Moorsele (EBMO) on 12 March 2000.<ref name="ASN#161542">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 19 June 2016 - A Pilatus PC-6 disintegrated in midair while carrying seven skydivers for practice in Beja, Portugal. All skydivers survived, although two were severely wounded. The pilot was the single fatality.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 30 August 2022 - A South African Police Service PC-6 crashed shortly after taking off from Rand Airport, South Africa. All five passengers died during the accident. The pilot was the sole survivor and was severely injured.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 8 March 2024 - A Pilatus PC-6 (PK-SNE), operated by Smart Aviation, crashed into a forest near Binuang, Nunukan, North Kalimantan, after taking off from Juwata Tarakan International Airport. During the flight, the plane had two people: the pilot and the engineer. The pilot was the sole survivor.<ref name="SA"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Specifications (PC-6 B2 Turbo-Porter)Edit
See alsoEdit
Template:External media Template:Portal Template:Aircontent
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Fricker, John. "Pilot Report: Pilatus". Flying, Vol. 70, No. 4. April 1962. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 38, 100–103.
- Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 180, No. 5321, 13–19 December 2011. pp. 26–52. {{#if:0015-3710|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.
- Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 180, No. 5517, 8–14 December 2015. pp. 26–53. {{#if:0015-3710|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.Archived version
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Isserman, Maurice., Stewart Angas Weaver and Dee Molenaar. Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes. Yale University Press, 2008. Template:ISBN.
- Johnson, E.R. and Lloyd S. Jones. American Military Transport Aircraft Since 1925. McFarland, 2013. Template:ISBN.
- Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–1994. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. Template:ISBN.
- Moll, Nigel. "Ugly is Only Skin-Deep." Flying, Vol. 120, No. 2. February 1993. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 62–68.
- Taylor, John W. R. Janes's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
- Taylor, Michael J. H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition. London: Brassey's, 1999. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
- Accident Pilatus PC-6/B1-H2 Turbo Porter A14-683, 12 Nov 1991
External linksEdit
Template:Pilatus aircraft Template:Fairchild aircraft Template:US STOL and VTOL aircraft Template:ADF aircraft prefixes