Pinus halepensis

Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, also known as the Jerusalem pine,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is a pine native to the Mediterranean region. It was officially named by the botanist Philip Miller in his 1768 book The Gardener's Dictionary; he probably never went to Aleppo but mentions seeing large specimens at Goodwood in the garden of the Duke of Richmond, which were transplanted (perhaps sent by Alexander Russell from Syria) in 1739.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Description

Pinus halepensis is a small to medium-sized tree, Template:Convert tall, with a trunk diameter up to Template:Convert, exceptionally up to Template:Convert. The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves ('needles') are very slender, Template:Convert long, distinctly yellowish green, and produced in pairs (rarely a few in threes). The cones are narrow conic, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, a process quickened if they are exposed to heat such as in forest fires. The cones open Template:Convert wide to allow the seeds to disperse. The seeds are Template:Convert long, with a Template:Convert wing, and are wind-dispersed.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=rushforth/><ref name=nahal>Nahal, I. (1962). Le Pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Miller). Étude taxonomique, phytogéographique, écologique et sylvicole. Annales de l'École National des Eaux et Forêts (Nancy) 19: 1–207.</ref>

Related species

The Aleppo pine is closely related to the Turkish pine, Canary Island pine, and maritime pine, which all share many of its characteristics. Some authors include the Turkish pine as a subspecies of the Aleppo pine, as Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe,<ref name=kic>Christensen, K. I. (1997). Gymnospermae. Pp. 1–17 in Strid, A., & Tan, K., eds., Flora Hellenica 1. Königstein.</ref> but it is usually regarded as a distinct species.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=rushforth/><ref name=nahal/><ref name=dmr>Richardson, D. M., ed. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press Template:ISBN.</ref> It is a relatively nonvariable species, in that its morphological characteristics stay constant over the entire range.<ref name=farjon/>

Distribution and habitat

The native range of Pinus halepensis extends from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Spain north to southern France, Malta, Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, and Albania, and east to Greece. It has been introduced into many parts of the world, including Portugal. There is an outlying population (from which it was first described) in Syria, Lebanon, southern Turkey, Jordan, Israel and Palestine.

The species is generally found at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to Template:Convert, but can grow above Template:Convert in southern and eastern Spain, well over Template:Convert on Crete, and up to Template:Convert in the south, in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.<ref name="farjon">Farjon, A. (2005). Pines. Drawings and Descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill, Leiden. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="rushforth">Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins Template:ISBN.</ref> The tree is able to quickly colonize open and disturbed areas. It is classed as an invasive species in South Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It can grow on all substrates and almost in all bioclimates in the Mediterranean.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pinus halepensis is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• Halep.jpg

  Cones

• Pinus halepensis (صنوبر حلبي), Tlemcen.jpg

  Pinus halepensis, Afhir Forest in Tlemcen.

• Pinus halepensis foliage.jpg

  Foliage

• Aleppo Pines grove, Pinet, Hérault 02.jpg

  A grove of Aleppo pines in Pinet

• Mljet 5.4.2016.JPG

  Pinus halepensis forest at the island of Mljet

• Pinus halepensis Trunk 11a.jpg

  Bark and trunk

• Pinus halepensis1.jpg

  Plate from Lambert's Description of the Genus Pinus

• Cone of pinus halepensis in hebron.jpg

  Cone of pinus halepensis in Hebron

• Dead Aleppo Pine and the Étang de Thau.jpg

  A dead Aleppo pine in front of the Étang de Thau

Uses

The resin of the Aleppo pine is used to flavor the Greek wine retsina.

From the pine nuts of the Aleppo pine is made a pudding called asidet zgougou in the Tunisian dialect; it is served in bowls, covered with cream, and topped with almonds and small candies.

The Maltese dessert prinjolata is also prepared using these pine nuts, both in its filling as well as a topping.

Aleppo pine are used for bonsai.

Forestry

In its native area, P. halepensis is widely planted for its fine timber, making it one of the most important forestry trees in Algeria and Morocco.<ref name=nahal/>

In Israel, natural patches of Aleppo pine forests can be found in the Carmel and Galilee regions.<ref name="Indeterminate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Aleppo pine, along with Pinus brutia, has been planted extensively by the Jewish National Fund. It proved very successful in Yatir Forest in the northern Negev (on the edge of the desert), where foresters had not expected it to survive. Many Aleppo pine forests exist today in Israel and are used for recreational purposes. Although it is a local species, some argue that the historical replacement of natural oak maquis shrubland and garrigue with tall stands of pine has created "ecological deserts" and has significantly changed the species assemblage of these regions.<ref>F.T. Maestre, J. Cortina . "Are Pinus halepensis plantations useful as a restoration tool in semiarid Mediterranean areas?" Forest Ecology and Management, 2004 (Elsevier).</ref> The species produces timber which is valued for its hardness, density and unproblematic seasoning. Seasoned timber is inclined to tear out with planing, but this can be avoided by using sharp blades or adjusting the sharpening angle of tools.<ref>Reducing Tear Out when Wood Planing www.evenfallstudios.com Template:Dead link</ref>

The Aleppo pine is considered an invasive species though useful in South Africa; in South Australia, a control program is in place on Eyre Peninsula.

Landscape

Pinus halepensis is a popular ornamental tree, extensively planted in gardens, parks, and private and agency landscapes in hot dry areas such as Southern California and the Karoo in South Africa, where the Aleppo pine's considerable heat and drought tolerance, fast growth, and aesthetic qualities are highly valued.

In culture

Paul Cézanne had an Aleppo pine in his garden at Aix-en-Provence; this tree was the inspiration and model for his painting The Big Trees. As of 2005, the tree is still growing in Cézanne's garden.<ref name="cézanne">Cézanne, P. "Visions". In Architectural Digest, December 2005: 117.</ref>

The Aleppo pine is associated with ANZAC Day and the ANZACs in Australia due to its use by soldiers in the Battle of Lone Pine during the Gallipoli campaign. It is often planted at war memorials.

External links

• Gymnosperm Database: Pinus halepensis
• Pinus halepensis—distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)