Polenta
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Polenta (Template:IPAc-en, {{#invoke:IPA|main}})<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is an Italian dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains. It may be allowed to cool and solidify into a loaf that can be baked, fried or grilled.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The variety of cereal used is usually yellow maize, but often buckwheat, white maize or mixtures thereof may be used. Coarse grinds make a firm, coarse polenta; finer grinds make a soft, creamy polenta.<ref name="eatwell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Polenta is a staple of both northern and, to a lesser extent, central Italian, Swiss Italian, southern French, Slovenian, Romanian and, due to Italian migrants, Brazilian and Argentinian cuisine. It is often mistaken for the Slovene-Croatian food named žganci.<ref name="Righi Parenti" /> Its consumption was traditionally associated with lower classes, as in times past cornmeal mush was an essential food in their everyday nutrition.<ref name="primiditalia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
Template:Expand section Polenta covered any hulled and crushed grain, especially barley-meal. It is derived from the Latin pollen for 'fine flour', which shares a root with pulvis, meaning 'dust'.<ref name="OED">Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, 2006, s.v..</ref>
HistoryEdit
As it is known today, polenta derives from earlier forms of grain mush (known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Latin) that were commonly eaten since Roman times. Before the introduction of corn (maize) from America in the 16th century,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> it was made from starchy ingredients such as farro, chestnut flour, millet, spelt, and chickpeas.<ref name="zeldes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Polenta was brought to the south of Brazil by Italian immigrants in the late 19th century and has become an important part of Italian-Brazilian culture and identity in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná.<ref name="Paraná Portal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The fried version, though, has become popular even in other regions that did not receive Italian migration and is a popular snack and finger food in bars across the country.<ref name="Globo Rural">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cooking timeEdit
Polenta takes a long time to cook, simmering in four to five times its volume of watery liquid for about 45 minutes with near-constant stirring; this is necessary for even gelatinization of the starch. Some alternative cooking techniques have been invented to speed up the process or not require constant supervision. Quick-cooking (pre-cooked, instant) polenta is widely used and is prepared in just a few minutes; it is considered inferior to polenta made from unprocessed cornmeal and is best eaten after being baked or fried.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In his book Heat, Bill Buford talks about his experiences as a line cook in Mario Batali's Italian restaurant Babbo. Buford details the differences in taste between instant polenta and slow-cooked polenta and describes a method of preparation that takes up to three hours but does not require constant stirring: "polenta, for most of its cooking, is left unattended. ... If you don't have to stir it all the time, you can cook it for hours—what does it matter, as long as you're nearby?".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cook's Illustrated magazine has described a method using a microwave oven that reduces cooking time to 12 minutes and requires only a single stirring.Template:Citation needed In March 2010, it presented a stovetop, near-stir-less method that uses a pinch of baking soda (an alkali), which replicates the traditional effect.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Brandolini, Giorgio V., Storia e gastronomia del mais e della patata nella Bergamasca, Orizzonte Terra, Bergamo, 2007. 32 pages.
- Eynard, W., La Cucina Valdese, Claudiana, 2006.
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