Political parties in Ukraine
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use mdy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists This article presents the historical development and role of political parties in Ukrainian politics, and outlines more extensively the significant modern political parties since Ukraine gained independence in 1991.
OverviewEdit
Ukraine has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. In the (October 2014) Ukrainian parliamentary election 52 political parties nominated candidates.<ref name="Basic electoral statistics 2014 extraordinary parliamentary election CECU">Basic electoral statistics 2014 extraordinary parliamentary election Template:Webarchive, Central Election Commission of Ukraine</ref> In the nationwide (October 2015) local elections this number had grown to 132 political parties.<ref name="Oct. 2, 2015 KPle25o15">Reform Watch - Oct. 1, 2015, Kyiv Post (Oct. 2, 2015)
Rhinos, dill and hidden threats confuse voters in Kyiv, Kyiv Post (Oct. 2, 2015)</ref>
Many parties in Ukraine have very small memberships and are unknown to the general public.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU"/> Party membership in Ukraine is lower than 1% of the population eligible to vote (compared to an average 4.7% in the European Union<ref>Research Template:Webarchive, European Union Democracy Observatory</ref>).<ref>Ukraine: Comprehensive Partnership for a Real Democracy, Center for International Private Enterprise, 2010</ref><ref>Poll: Ukrainians unhappy with domestic economic situation, their own lives, Kyiv Post (September 12, 2011)</ref> National parties currently not represented in Ukraine's national parliament Verkhovna Rada do have representatives in municipal councils.<ref>Template:In lang Сергій Одарич формуватиме більшість у міськраді Черкас Template:Webarchive, Cherkasy city council website (November 8, 2010)</ref><ref>Template:In lang Мером Львова обрано Андрія Садового Template:Webarchive, ЛьвівNEWS (November , 2010)</ref><ref>Template:In lang На виборах мера Полтави переміг Олександр Мамай Template:Webarchive, Дзеркало тижня (November 6, 2010)</ref><ref>Template:In lang Официальные результаты голосования по выборам в Севастопольский городской совет Template:Webarchive, SevNews (November 5, 2010)</ref> Small parties used to join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocks) for the purpose of participating in parliamentary elections, but on November 17, 2011, the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law that banned the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections.<ref name=newUKRelectionlawof171111>Parliament passes law on parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (November 17, 2011)</ref> Ukrainian society's trust of political parties is very low overall.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU"/><ref>Opinion poll: Do you trust political parties? Template:Webarchive (recurrent, 2001–2009, by Razumkov Centre)</ref> According to an April 2014 poll by Razumkov Centre 14.7%.<ref>Template:In lang Ukrainians believe the church, the army and the Ukrainian media, Ukrayinska Pravda (19 May 2014)</ref> According to a February 2020 poll by again Razumkov Centre, more than 70% of respondents said they rather or completely did not trust political parties.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU"/>
The Ukrainian oligarchs play a key role in sponsoring of political parties and participation in every day politics.<ref name="0c7a29cd66feUOedp">Ukraine’s oligarchs jostle for influence with President Zelensky, Financial Times (19 February 2020)</ref>
Legal frameworkEdit
Parties can only register with the Ministry of Justice if they can "demonstrate a base of support in two-thirds of Ukraine's Oblasts" (Ukraine's 24 primary administrative units) and in two-thirds of the raions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.<ref name="OSCE LEU October 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Link to a pdf-file INTERIM REPORT 2015 Ukrainian local elections, OSCE (9 October 2015)</ref><ref name="chesno.org4255">This year, 12 new parties have been created. 50 changed their names, Civil movement "Chesno" (13 October 2020) Template:In lang</ref> This means that 10,000 signatures needs to be collected in these areas.<ref name="chesno.org4255"/> Including in Crimea, although Ukraine lost control of this territory in 2014 (to Russia).<ref name="chesno.org4255"/> (The only way to fulfill this norm is to get signatures of Ukrainian citizens living elsewhere in Ukraine with Crimean residence.<ref name="chesno.org4255"/>) Then within six months the party must establish regional offices in a majority of the 24 oblasts.<ref name="elu24Ooy">Ukraine's Local Elections: New law, old problems Template:Webarchive by Melanie Mierzejewski-Voznyak, New Eastern Europe (22 October 2015)</ref> In practice these offices rarely stay active and open in-between elections.<ref name=elu24Ooy/> Because of the procedural difficulties of registering a party the practice of renaming existing political forces is widespread.<ref name="chesno.org4255"/> (For instance, from January to September 2020 50 parties changed their name.<ref name="chesno.org4255"/>) In practice this means that long career politicians in Ukraine regularly switch to a new party.<ref name="chesno.org4255"/>
10 years in a row not nominating candidates for national parliamentary and presidential elections is a legal ground for liquidating a party.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU"/><ref group="nb">Civil movement "Chesno" claims that 25 parties took part in a 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election by-election (in electoral district 179 located in Kharkiv Oblast on 15 March 2020) solely to avoid being liquidated.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU"/></ref>
Ukraine’s election law forbids outside financing of political parties or campaigns.<ref>Hacked PR documents accelerate political war, Kyiv Post (11 January 2013)</ref>
All data on any legal political parties as any other public organizations in Ukraine is kept at the Single Registry (Template:Langx, Yedynyi reyestr hromadskykh formuvan), with online version of which provided by the Ministry of Justice.<ref>The register can be found online at rgf.minjust.gov.ua</ref> On 1 January 2020 349 political parties were in this register.<ref name="tyzhden244812PPU">Template:In lang Non-partisan Ukraine, The Ukrainian Week (24 June 2020)</ref>
Major parties and political campsEdit
There have developed two major movements<ref group="nb">Some Ukrainian parties could not be clearly classified as belonging to one of these two major movements, they were either synthesising the ideas of the two camps and/or strove to position themselves as a balancing force; examples of these parties are Socialist Party of Ukraine, Lytvyn Bloc and Labour Ukraine.<ref name=Umland1511>Ukraine's Party System in Transition? The Rise of the Radically Right-Wing All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda" by Andreas Umland, Centre for Geopolitical Studies (1 May 2011)</ref></ref><ref group="nb">Ukrainian politicians have switched to parties that belong(ed) to another of these two major movements.<ref>Template:In lang The party "Revival": former Regions in orbit Kolomoisky, Ukrayinska Pravda (23 October 2015)</ref></ref> in the Ukrainian parliament since its independence:<ref name=Backes/><ref name=Umland/><ref>Pro-Russian bloc leads in Ukraine, BBC News (March 26, 2006)</ref>
- A pro-Western and pro-European general liberal national democrats<ref>Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview, ABC-CLIO, 2008, Template:ISBN (page 1629)
Ukraine on its Meandering Path Between East and West by Andrej Lushnycky and Mykola Riabchuk, Peter Lang, 2009, Template:ISBN (page 122)</ref><ref name=Umland1511/> who from time to time featured individual politicians with a nationalist past (for example Andriy Shkil, Andriy Parubiy and Levko Lukyanenko) with the Our Ukraine Blocs and Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko (now Fatherland<ref name="CESOlszańskiUKel12">After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions Template:Webarchive, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)</ref>) as its frontrunners;<ref name="EWparties">Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, Template:ISBN (page 396)</ref> UDAR replaced the Our Ukraine Bloc in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election.<ref>Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2012)
UDAR submits to Rada resolution on Ukraine’s integration with EU, Interfax-Ukraine (8 January 2013)</ref><ref name="UCIPR">Template:In lang Electronic Bulletin "Your Choice - 2012". Issue 4: Batkivshchyna Template:Webarchive, Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (24 October 2012)</ref> In the 2014 parliamentary election UDAR did not participate but its members filled 30% of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc election list.<ref name="UDARiowPPB">Template:In lang Pilots, combat, and journalists. Who goes to the new Verkhovna Rada , Korrespondent.net (September 15, 2014)
Klitschko: I lead my team to Parliament, UDAR official website (14.09.2014)
Deadline for nomination of candidates running in early election to Rada expires, ITAR-TASS (September 15, 2014)</ref> The Petro Poroshenko Bloc won the election with 132 seats.<ref name="allcountedCECIU81114">Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament Template:Webarchive, Ukrainian Television and Radio (8 November 2014)
People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC Template:Webarchive, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)
Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)</ref> - A pro-Russian, latently Eurosceptic, often anti-American and partly anti-liberal group of parties, which in the 1990s was dominated by the Communist Party of Ukraine, and was dominated by the Party of Regions from the late 2000s until the party disintegrated shortly after the Revolution of Dignity.<ref name=Umland>Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?, openDemocracy.net (January 3, 2011)</ref><ref name=EWparties/><ref name=Rs15BBCU>Template:In lang "Revival" "our land": Who picks up the legacy of "regionals", BBC Ukrainian (16 September 2015)
Template:In lang Party of Regions: Snake return, The Ukrainian Week (2 October 2015)</ref>
The first movement (mentioned above) gets its voters mainly from Western Ukraine and Central Ukraine; the latter from Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine.<ref name="KuzioPORvotersdontgoaway">Eight Reasons Why Ukraine’s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012 Elections by Taras Kuzio, The Jamestown Foundation (17 October 2012)
UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again Template:Webarchive by Taras Kuzio, Oxford Analytica (5 October 2007)</ref>
| Political camps<ref>Partisan-political structure Template:Webarchive. Analitik. 1999</ref> | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-Western, pro-NATO, pro-European, anti-Russian, and Ukrainian nationalist | Domination of Russian culture and preservation of Soviet culture, latently Eurosceptic, often anti-American and partly anti-liberal | Regional and local interests, city and oblast level politics | Parliamentary groups, formed post-election and often with the backing of an oligarch and few shared positions among members | |||||||
| Servant of the People European Solidarity Batkivshchyna Holos Radical Party Strength and Honor Ukrainian Strategy Civil Position Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform Self Reliance Democratic Axe |
Opposition Platform — For Life Our Land Opposition Bloc Party of Shariy Nashi Trust the Deeds |
Proposition Successful Kharkiv All-Ukrainian Union "Cherkashchany" Bloc Svitlychna Together! Native City Native Zakarpattia Native Home Bila Tserkva Together |
For the Future Trust | |||||||
IdeologyEdit
Ukrainian parties tend not to have a clear ideology but to contain different political groups with diverging ideological outlooks.<ref name="Max Bader Center">Against All Odds:Aiding Political Parties in Georgia and Ukraine by Max Bader, Vossiuspers UvA, 2010, Template:ISBN (page 82)</ref> Unlike in Western politics, civilizational and geostrategic orientations play a more important role than economic and socio-political agendas for parties.<ref name=Umland/> An example is the membership of the social-democratic{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B= Template:Namespace detect }} Batkivshchyna party in the economically liberal European People's Party.<ref name=Umland/> This has led to coalition governments that would be unusual from a Western point of view; for example: the first Azarov government included the Party of Regions, the centrist Lytvyn Bloc and the Communist Party of Ukraine.
Particularity of parties in UkraineEdit
Professor Paul D'Anieri has argued (in 2006) that Ukrainian parties are "elite-based rather than mass-based,"<ref>Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M. E. Sharpe, 2006, Template:ISBN (page 189)</ref> while former Ambassador of Germany to Ukraine (2000–2006) Dietmar Stüdemann from Embassy of Germany, Kyiv believes that personalities are more important in Ukrainian politics than (ideological) platforms. "Parties in the proper meaning of this word do not exist in Ukraine so far. A party for Germans is its platform first, and its personalities later."<ref>Former German Ambassador Studemann views superiority of personality factor as fundamental defect of Ukrainian politics, Kyiv Post (December 21, 2009)</ref>
HistoryEdit
| Number of parties | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Amount | |||||||
| January 2009 | 161<ref name=ofidatabUkrpart>Official databases of political parties in Ukraine Template:Webarchive, Ukrainian Ministry of Justice</ref> | |||||||
| July 2009 | 172<ref>Three new political parties registered in Ukraine, 172 in total, says Justice Ministry, Interfax-Ukraine (July 15, 2009)</ref> | |||||||
| May 2010 | 179<ref name=Fairness>Justice Ministry registers 179th party in Ukraine – For Fairness and Prosperity, Kyiv Post (May 14, 2010)</ref><ref name=YourUkraine>Justice Ministry registers Your Ukraine Party, Kyiv Post (May 5, 2010)</ref> | |||||||
| July 2010 | 182<ref>Youth into Power party registered, Kyiv Post (July 2, 2010)</ref> | |||||||
| September 2011 | 197<ref>Lavrynovych: Court cancels registration certificates of five Ukrainian parties, Kyiv Post (November 29, 2011)</ref> | |||||||
| November 2012 | 201<ref name=ofidatabUkrpart/> | |||||||
Independent Ukraine, party forming (early 1990s)Edit
Even before Ukraine became independent in August 1991, political parties in Ukraine started to form around intellectuals and former Soviet dissidents.<ref name="Black Sea"/>Template:Nonspecific They posed the main opposition to the ruling Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (CP(b)U). At the first convocation of the Verkhovna RadaTemplate:When those parties formed the parliamentary opposition People's Council. The most noticeable parties of the parliamentary opposition included the People's Movement of Ukraine (The Movement) and the Ukrainian Republican Party. Due to the August Putsch in Moscow (19–21 August 1991), a process to prohibit communist parties in Ukraine took place. Led by Oleksandr Moroz, the parliamentary faction of the CP(b)U, Group of 239, started a process to re-form the CP(b)U into the Socialist Party of Ukraine. The restriction on the existence of communist parties in Ukraine was successfully adopted soon after the Ukrainian independence, however in the couple of years the resolution was later challenged and eventually the restriction was lifted. In 1993 in Donetsk the first congress of the reinstated Communist Party of Ukraine took place, with the Party led by Petro Symonenko.
In the hastily organized 1994 parliamentary elections the communists surprisingly achieved the highest party rating, while the main opposing party, the Movement, did not gain even a quarter of their earnedTemplate:Clarify seats. The re-formed party of the CP(b)U, the Socialist Party of Ukraine, and its major ally, the Peasant Party of Ukraine, performed relatively strongly. About a third of the elected parliamentarians were not affiliated. The elections became a major fiasco of the Democratic forces in Ukraine. After the 1994 elections numerous independent political parties were elected to the Ukrainian parliament, leading to the formation of nine deputy groups and parliamentary factions: Communists, Socialists, Agrarians, Inter-regional Deputy Group (MDG), Unity, Center, Statehood, Reforms, and the Movement. The concept of a "situational majority" was first used during that convocation to form a parliamentary coalition. The ruling coalition in the parliament often included the Communist Party of Ukraine, the Socialist Party of Ukraine, Agrarians, MDG, and Unity.
Parties for oligarchs and clans (1994–2004)Edit
During the Kuchma presidency (1994–2004) parties started to form around politicians who had achieved power; these parties were often a vehicle of Ukrainian oligarchs.<ref name="Black Sea">Black Sea Politics:Political Culture and Civil Society in an Unstable Region, I. B. Tauris, 2005, Template:ISBN (page 45)</ref>Template:Nonspecific Scholars defined several "Clans" in Ukrainian politics grouped around businessmen and politicians from particular Ukrainian mayor cities; the "Donetsk Clan" (Rinat Akhmetov, Viktor Yanukovych and Mykola Azarov), the "Dnipropetrovsk Clan" (Yulia Tymoshenko, Leonid Kuchma, Victor Pinchuk, Serhiy Tihipko and Pavlo Lazarenko), the "Kyiv Clan" (Viktor Medvedchuk and the Surkis brothers; this clan has also been linked to Zakarpattia) and the smaller "Kharkiv Clan".<ref>State-Building:A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia by Verena Fritz, Central European University Press, 2008, Template:ISBN (page 189)</ref><ref>Political Parties of Eastern Europe:A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era by Janusz Bugajski, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, Template:ISBN (page 829)</ref><ref>Ukraine and European Society (Chatham House Papers) by Tor Bukkvoll, Pinter, 1998, Template:ISBN (page 36)</ref><ref>How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>The Rebirth of Europe by Elizabeth Pond, Brookings Institution Press, 2002, Template:ISBN (page 146)</ref><ref name="Backes">Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, Template:ISBN (page 383 and 396)</ref><ref>The Crisis of Russian Democracy:The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession by Richard Sakwa, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Template:ISBN (page 110)</ref><ref>To Balance or Not to Balance:Alignment Theory And the Commonwealth of Independent States by Eric A. Miller, Ashgate Publishing, Template:ISBN (page 129)</ref><ref>Ukraine:Challenges of the Continuing Transition Template:Webarchive, National Intelligence Council (Conference Report August 1999)</ref>
After the 2002 elections the Ukrainian parliament saw some consolidation of democratic political parties and the establishment of the main political camps in Ukraine: a coalition of nationally oriented deputies with the pro-European vector, a coalition of left-wing parties, and the pro-Russian parties coalition of the former Soviet nomenklatura. A major change took place during the Orange revolution when finally the two opposing political camps were established after the left-wing coalition split.
Mergers and bans (2011–present)Edit
On 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law that banned the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections;<ref name=newUKRelectionlawof171111/> since then several parties have merged with other parties.<ref>Template:In lang "Наша Україна" й УНП почали об’єднання з Дніпропетровська, Ukrayinska Pravda (December 18, 2011)</ref><ref>Tymoshenko, Lutsenko aware of their parties' unification, Kyiv Post (December 29, 2011)</ref><ref>Template:In lang Одна з партій НУНС перейменувалася та змінила голову, Ukrayinska Pravda (December 3, 2011)</ref> Strong Ukraine merged with the Party of Regions on 17 March 2012.<ref name=finmergePORSU>Tigipko hooks up with Party of Regions, Kyiv Post (March 20, 2012)
Strong Ukraine party decides on disbanding to join Regions Party, Kyiv Post (March 17, 2012)</ref> Front of Changes and former Our Ukraine Bloc and Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko members performed in the 2012 parliamentary elections under "umbrella" party Fatherland.<ref>Template:In lang Соціально-християнська партія вирішила приєднатися до об'єднаної опозиції, Den (newspaper) (24 April 2012)</ref><ref>Opposition to form single list to participate in parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (2 March 2012)
Template:In lang "ФРОНТ ЗМІН" ІДЕ В РАДУ З "БАТЬКІВЩИНОЮ", Ukrayinska Pravda (7 April 2012)
Yatseniuk wants to meet with Tymoshenko to discuss reunion of opposition, Kyiv Post (7 April 2012)</ref><ref>Template:In lang Tymoshenko and Yatsenyuk united ("Тимошенко та Яценюк об'єдналися"), Ukrayinska Pravda (23 April 2012)</ref><ref>Civil Position party joins Ukraine's united opposition, Kyiv Post (20 June 2012)</ref><ref name=Mejlis>Mustafa Dzhemiliov is number 12 on the list of the United Opposition “Fatherland”, Den (2 August 2012)</ref> Front for Changes leader Yatsenyuk headed this election list; because Fatherland-leader Yulia Tymoshenko was imprisoned.<ref name="They Call Themselves the Opposition">They Call Themselves the Opposition, The Ukrainian Week (31 August 2012)</ref><ref name="electedintoVRUK111112">Template:In lang Список депутатів нової Верховної Ради, Ukrayinska Pravda (11 November 2012)</ref>
On 15 June 2013 Reforms and Order Party and Front for Change merged into Fatherland.<ref name="mergeBatFoCROPJune2013">Sobolev: Front for Change and Reform and Order Party to join Batkivschyna, Interfax-Ukraine (11 June 2013)
Front for Change, Reforms and Order to dissolve for merger with Batkivshchyna - Sobolev, Ukrinform (11 June 2013)</ref> A part of People’s Movement of Ukraine (including its former chairman Borys Tarasyuk<ref name="echo">Ukraine-Russia relations didn’t get any better, ex-Foreign Minister Borys Tarasiuk says, z i k (February 5, 2011)</ref>) also merged with Fatherland (the rest of this party had merged with Ukrainian People's Party in May 2013<ref>Ukrainian People's Party, People's Movement Of Ukraine Decide Unite Into Rukh, Elect Kuibida Its Leader Template:Webarchive, Ukrainian News Agency (19 May 2013)</ref>).<ref>
Batkivschyna, Front for Change, Reform and Order Party, part of NRU unite for victory – Tymoshenko’s address to congress, Interfax-Ukraine (15 June 2013)
</ref><ref>
Tymoshenko re-elected Batkivshchyna leader, Yatseniuk council chair, Ukrinform (15 June 2013)</ref>
In preparation for the upcoming 2014 parliamentary elections, several ministers of the Fatherland party in the government of Arseniy Yatsenyuk moved to the new party People's Front, which elected as its party leader Arseniy Yatsenyuk on 10 September 2014.<ref>Yatseniuk heads People's Front Party, Ukrinform (10 September 2014)
Jatzenjuk an die Spitze der Partei „Volksfront“ gestellt, Ukrinform (10 September 2014)</ref><ref>«Народний фронт» представив кандидатів Template:Webarchive, Hromadske.TV (10 September 2014)</ref>
UDAR merged into the Petro Poroshenko Bloc on 28 August 2015<ref name=mergesudar>Klitschko becomes leader of Petro Poroshenko Bloc 'Solidarity' party, Interfax-Ukraine (28 August 2015)</ref> after in the 2014 parliamentary election, 30% of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc election list had been filled by members of UDAR (as non-partisan).<ref name="UDARiowPPB"/>
On 20 March 2022, President Volodymyr Zelensky announced a ban on 11 political parties for alleged ties with Russia: Opposition Platform — For Life, Party of Shariy, Nashi, Opposition Bloc, Left Opposition, Union of Left Forces, Derzhava, Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Socialist Party of Ukraine, Socialists and Volodymyr Saldo Bloc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 20 June 2024, also Our Land party was banned with the accusation of the Security Service of Ukraine of subversive activities against State, bringing to 19 the number of banned parties since the beginning of the Russian invasion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Participating parties | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Election | Number | Threshold | Winners | |||||
| 1998 | 30 | 4% | 8 | |||||
| 2002 | 33 | 4% | 6 | |||||
| 2006 | 45 | 3% | 5 | |||||
| 2007 | 20 | 3% | 5 | |||||
| 2012 | 22 | 5% | 5 | |||||
| 2014 | 29 | 5% | 6 | |||||
| 2019 | 22 | 5% | 5 | |||||
Political parties in ParliamentEdit
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Ukraine's party system: specifics of establishment, problems of functioning, trends of evolution, 2010 analysis by Razumkov Centre
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