Polydeuces (moon)

Template:Good article Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | class = vcard | titleclass = fn org | title = Polydeuces | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Polydeuces PIA08209.png|upright={{#if:||1.1}}|alt=A blurry image of Polydeuces from afar, showing a vaguely ellipsoidal object}} | caption = Polydeuces imaged approximately Template:Cvt away from the Cassini spacecraft on 22 May 2006 | headerstyle = {{#if:|background-color:|background-color:#E0CCFF}} | labelstyle = max-width:{{#if:||11em}}; | autoheaders = y

| header1 = Discovery<ref name="jpl-satdisc"/><ref name="Gazetteer"/>

| header10 = {{#if:|Designations|Designations}}

| header20 = Orbital characteristics{{#ifeq:|yes| (barycentric)}} <ref name="jpl-satelem"/><ref name="Jacobson2022"/>Template:Rp

| data21 = | data22 = {{#if:1 January 2000 12:00 UT
(JD 2451545.0) |Epoch 1 January 2000 12:00 UT
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| header60 = Proper orbital elements

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({{#expr:365.25*360/1 round 3}} d) }} | label66 = Template:Longitem | data66 = {{#if:|{{{perihelion_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr }} | label67 = Template:Longitem | data67 = {{#if:|{{{node_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr}}

| header70 = Template:Anchor{{#if:| Physical characteristics|Physical characteristics}}

| label71 = Dimensions | data71 = Template:Val km
(± Template:Val km)<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp | label72 = Template:Longitem | data72 = Template:Val<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp | label73 = Template:Longitem | data73 = | label74 = Template:Longitem | data74 = | label75 = Template:Longitem | data75 = | label76 = Flattening | data76 = | label77 = Circumference | data77 = | label78 = Template:Longitem | data78 = | label79 = Volume | data79 = Template:Val Template:Efn | label80 = Mass | data80 = Template:Val (assumed; unmeasured)Template:Efn | label81 = Template:Longitem | data81 = Template:Val (assumed; unmeasured)<ref name="Polydeuces-Numbers"/><ref name="Cuk2016"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp | label82 = Template:Longitem | data82 = ≈ Template:Gr m/s² at longest axis
to ≈ Template:Gr m/s² at polesTemplate:Efn | label83 = Template:Longitem | data83 = | label84 = Template:Longitem | data84 = ≈ Template:V2 km/s at longest axis
to ≈ Template:V2 km/s at polesTemplate:Efn</math>, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the body's mass, and r is the body's radius (or semi-axis if nonspherical). For Polydeuces, its mass is approximately Template:Val for an assumed density of Template:Val. For Polydeuces's longest semi-axis of Template:Val,<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp the escape velocity would be about Template:V2 km/s, while for Polydeuces's shortest (polar) semi-axis of Template:Val, the escape velocity would be about Template:V2 km/s. | label85 = Template:Longitem | data85 = | label86 = Template:Longitem | data86 = | label87 = Template:Longitem | data87 = | label88 = Template:Longitem | data88 = | label89 = Template:Longitem | data89 = | label90 = Template:Longitem | data90 = | label91 = Template:Longitem | data91 = | label92 = Template:Longitem | data92 = | label93 = {{#if: |Template:Longitem |Albedo}} | data93 = | label94 = Temperature | data94 =

| data100 = {{#if:|

Surface temp.	min	mean	max
{{{temp_name1}}}
{{{temp_name2}}}
{{{temp_name3}}}
{{{temp_name4}}}

}}

| header110 = Atmosphere

| below = {{#if:||Template:Reflist }}

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Polydeuces Template:IPAc-en, also designated Saturn XXXIV, is a small trojan moon of Saturn occupying the trailing Template:L5 Lagrange point of Dione. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in images taken by the Cassini space probe on 21 October 2004. With a mean diameter of about Template:Cvt, Polydeuces is thought to have a smooth surface coated with fine, icy particles accumulated from the cryovolcanic plumes of Enceladus. In its orbit around Saturn, Polydeuces periodically drifts away from Dione's Lagrange point due to gravitational perturbations by other nearby moons of Saturn. Of the four known trojan moons of Saturn, Polydeuces exhibits the largest displacement from its Lagrange point.

DiscoveryEdit

File:Polydeuces discovery images annotated.gif

Cassini discovery images of Polydeuces on 21 October 2004

Polydeuces was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science TeamTemplate:Efn on 24 October 2004 while routinely investigating images taken by the Cassini space probe earlier on 21 October 2004.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp The images were visually inspected through the blink comparison technique, which revealed any potential moons that moved relative to the background stars. The discovery images consisted of four frames taken with CassiniTemplate:'s wide-angle camera over less than six minutes, which showed Polydeuces moving 3–6 pixels per frame.Template:Efn<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp The observed motion of Polydeuces immediately suggested that it could be orbiting Saturn at the distance of one of the large moons, Dione, possibly sharing its orbit in a co-orbital configuration.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp

By 4 November 2004, the Cassini Imaging Science Team obtained more Cassini images of Polydeuces, including two frames taken on 2 November 2004 and another two predating the discovery images by three hours.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp Preliminary orbit determinations using these images confirmed that Polydeuces was a co-orbital trojan moon residing around Dione's Template:L5 Lagrange point.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp With the aid of ephemeris predictions from Polydeuces's newly determined orbit, the Cassini Imaging Science Team was able to identify 52 pre-discovery detections of Polydeuces in CassiniTemplate:'s narrow-angle camera images taken between 9 April 2004 and 9 May 2004.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp The International Astronomical Union (IAU) announced the discovery of Polydeuces on 8 November 2004.<ref name="IAUC8432"/> Besides Polydeuces, Cassini has discovered five other objects orbiting Saturn in 2004: Methone, Pallene, S/2004 S 3, S/2004 S 4, and S/2004 S 6.<ref name="Porco2005"/>Template:Rp

After the discovery announcement, Cassini was retasked to begin targeted observations of Polydeuces in January 2005 to better determine its orbit.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp In 2006, researchers found even earlier Cassini pre-discovery images of Polydeuces taken on 2 April 2004.<ref name="Spitale2006"/>Template:Rp

NameEdit

The name Polydeuces was approved and announced by the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature on 21 January 2005.<ref name="IAUC8471"/> In Greek mythology, Polydeuces is another name for Pollux, who is the twin brother of Castor and the son of Zeus and Leda.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Polydeuces is also known by its official Roman numeral designation Saturn XXXIV (34th moon of Saturn discovered) and was previously known by its provisional designation Template:Nowrap, which was given by the IAU when it announced the moon's discovery.<ref name="IAUC8432"/><ref name="IAUC8471"/>

OrbitEdit

File:Lagrange very massive.svg

The trojan points are located on the Template:L4 and Template:L5 Lagrange points, on the orbital path of the secondary object Dione (blue), around the primary object Saturn (yellow). All of the Lagrange points are highlighted in red.

File:Animation of Polydeuces's orbit relative to Saturn and Dione.gif

Animation of Polydeuces's librating tadpole orbit in a rotating reference frame with respect to Dione
Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2

Polydeuces is an inner moon of Saturn in a co-orbital configuration with Dione, meaning they share the same orbit.<ref name="Jacobson2008"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Thomas2020"/>Template:Rp Together with Dione and its other co-orbital companion Helene, Polydeuces orbits Saturn in 2.74 days at an average distance of Template:Cvt from the planet's center, between the orbits of Tethys and Rhea.<ref name="jpl-satelem"/> Due to gravitational perturbations by other nearby moons of Saturn, Polydeuces's orbital radius can vary by ±Template:Cvt over time.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp Its orbit is closely aligned with Saturn's equatorial plane with a low orbital inclination of 0.2°.Template:Efn

Polydeuces has a slightly elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.019, which is unusually higher than Dione's eccentricity of 0.002. While Dione's eccentricity is known to result from its 1:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with Enceladus, the effects of this resonance are too weak to explain Polydeuces's relatively high eccentricity.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp One possible explanation is that Polydeuces always had an eccentric orbit since its formation because its orbit did not change much over billions of years.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp

Polydeuces resides around Dione's Template:L5 Lagrange point trailing 60° behind Dione in its orbit, which makes Polydeuces a trojan moon of Dione. The Lagrange points are locations where the gravitational pulls of Dione and Saturn balance out, allowing for stable co-orbital configurations in Dione's trojans.<ref name="Polydeuces-InDepth"/> Dione's other co-orbital moon, Helene, is a trojan residing around the Template:L4 Lagrange point leading 60° ahead of Dione. Trojan moons are not unique to Dione; another large moon of Saturn, Tethys, also has two trojans, named Telesto and Calypso, which reside in its Template:L4 and Template:L5 Lagrange points, respectively.<ref name="Murray2005"/>

Because of perturbations by other moons of Saturn, Polydeuces does not stay exactly 60° behind Dione; its angular distance from Dione oscillates or librates over time.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp Of Saturn's four known trojan moons, Polydeuces librates the farthest from its Lagrange point: its angular distance behind Dione oscillates from 33.9° to 91.4° with a period of Template:Convert.<ref name="Spitale2006"/>Template:Rp Template:Efn In a rotating reference frame with respect to Dione's orbit, Polydeuces appears to travel in a looping path around Dione's Template:L5 point due to its varying relative speed and radial distance from Saturn in its perturbed eccentric orbit.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp Polydeuces's apparent looping motion combined with its librating angular distance from Dione forms a tadpole orbit about Dione's Template:L5 point.<ref name="Murray2005"/>Template:Rp

OriginEdit

Polydeuces is thought to have formed by accreting out of leftover debris trapped in Dione's Template:L5 Lagrange point, in a similar process experienced by Saturn's other trojan moons. This process likely took place at an intermediate stage of the formation of Saturn's moons, when Tethys and Dione have not finished forming and gases have become depleted in Saturn's circumplanetary disk.<ref name="Izidoro2010"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp Mean-motion orbital resonances by other nearby moons did not appear to play a significant role in the formation of the trojan moons.<ref name="Izidoro2010"/>Template:Rp

Dynamical modeling of the trojan moons' formation suggests that Tethys's and Dione's Template:L4 and Template:L5 Lagrange points should have started with similar amounts of material for trojan moons to form with roughly similar sizes.<ref name="Izidoro2010"/>Template:Rp However, this is not the case for Dione's trojans, Helene and Polydeuces, whose masses significantly differ by more than an order of magnitude. As of yet, this mass asymmetry in Dione's Template:L4 and Template:L5 trojans remains unexplained.<ref name="Izidoro2010"/>Template:Rp

Physical characteristicsEdit

Template:As of, the most recent estimate for Polydeuces's dimensions is Template:Cvt, based on resolved Cassini imagery of the moon from 2015.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp These dimensions correspond to a volume-equivalent mean diameter of Template:Cvt for Polydeuces.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp CassiniTemplate:'s highest-resolution images of Polydeuces from 2015 show that it has an elongated shape, with a relatively smooth limb deviating from a simple ellipsoid.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp Polydeuces presumably rotates synchronously with its orbital period, similar to the rest of Saturn's trojan moons.<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp

Little is known about Polydeuces's other physical properties because it was never approached up close by Cassini or any other space mission to Saturn.<ref name="Thomas2020"/>Template:Rp Because of its very small size, Polydeuces's gravitational perturbations on the trajectory of Cassini spacecraft and other Saturnian moons are negligible, which prevents the measurement of the moon's mass and density.<ref name="Jacobson2022"/>Template:Rp In spite of this, researchers assume that Polydeuces has a density similar to those of Saturn's small inner moons, whose average density is Template:Val,<ref name="Polydeuces-Numbers"/><ref name="Cuk2016"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Thomas2020"/>Template:Rp

Template:Multiple image

Polydeuces's small size makes it prone to disruption by impact events. Depending on the size-frequency of impactors in the Saturnian system, Polydeuces is predicted to have suffered at least one disruptive impact in the last one billion years.<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp This implies that Polydeuces is either very young with an age of less than one billion years, or it is a primordial moon that has consistently reaccreted from each disruptive impact over the Saturnian system's 4.5 billion-year lifespan.<ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp

Polydeuces has a bright and likely smooth surface due to the accumulation of fine water ice particles from the surrounding E Ring, which is generated by the cryovolcanic plumes of Enceladus.<ref name="Hirata2014"/><ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp Because of its small size, any craters on Polydeuces would be completely buried in E Ring material, giving it a craterless appearance resembling Methone or Pallene.<ref name="Hirata2014"/><ref name="Rossignoli2019"/>Template:Rp Its geometric albedo is unknown since it has never been observed at low phase angles.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp Cassini imagery shows that Polydeuces has a uniform surface brightness across its leading and trailing hemispheres.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp Its surface is about as bright as Dione's but darker than Helene's.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp The trojan moons of Tethys exhibit a similar difference in surface brightness, where Calypso is brighter than Telesto and Tethys.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp The reason for these brightness asymmetries in the trojan moons of Dione and Tethys remains unknown; possible explanations include an asymmetric distribution of E Ring particles or recent impacts that brightened Helene and Calypso.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp

ExplorationEdit

Cassini is the only space mission to Saturn that has made targeted observations of Polydeuces.<ref name="Murray2005"/> Over the 13-year span of CassiniTemplate:'s mission in orbit around Saturn, the spacecraft has made 22 close approaches within Template:Cvt of Polydeuces.<ref name="PDS-Tour"/> CassiniTemplate:'s closest encounter with Polydeuces took place on 17 February 2005, when it passed Template:Cvt from Polydeuces while moving outbound from periapse.<ref name="PDS-Tour"/> However, Cassini did not take any images of Polydeuces on that date.<ref name="Spitale2006-T3"/> The only encounters where Cassini has taken resolved images of Polydeuces were on 22 May 2006, 10 May 2015, and 16 June 2015, at closest approach distances of Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt, and Template:Cvt, respectively.<ref name="PDS-Tour"/><ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp Template:Efn CassiniTemplate:'s two close encounters in 2015 provided the first images where Polydeuces was larger than 10 pixels across.<ref name="Hedman2020"/>Template:Rp

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Polydeuces In Depth, NASA Solar System Exploration, updated 19 December 2019
PIA08209: New Moon, NASA Photojournal, 28 June 2006
Cassini finds treasures among Saturn's rings, moons, Cassini news release via Spaceflight Now, 24 February 2005

Template:Moons of Saturn Template:Saturn Template:Portal bar