Pont-Saint-Esprit

Pont-Saint-Esprit ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, literally "Holy Spirit Bridge"; Template:Langx) is a commune in the Gard département in southern France. It is situated on the river Rhône and is the site of a historical crossing, hence its name. The Ardèche flows into the Rhône, just to the north of the bridge. The residents are called Spiripontains.

History

The bridge was observed by the Irish pilgrim Symon Semeonis in 1323 on his way to the Holy Land: "Pont-Saint-Esprit where there is a famous stone bridge over the Rhône, half a mile in length, the height of which and the breadth of its arches are greatly admired by all those who cross over it."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Italian canon Antonio de Beatis described the bridge in his 1517-1518 travel journal: "This has twenty tall, wide arches, is finely built in a pleasing stone and is still better paved."<ref>Antonio de Beatis. The Travel Journal of Antonio de Beatis, 1517-1518. Translated by J.R. Hale (Ed) and J.M.A. Lindon. Hakluyt Society (1979)</ref>

In the seventeenth century the Jewish immigrants from Spain were cast out of central Bayonne and settled in Saint Esprit. This quarter became known in popular parlance as Saint Esprit les Israélites because Jews constituted the majority of its population -which was extremely rare in France. It was a Jew of Spanish origin, Gaspar Dacosta, who introduced the art of chocolate-making to Saint Esprit, and indeed in France.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Geography

Climate

Pont-Saint-Esprit has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Pont-Saint-Esprit is Template:Cvt. The average annual rainfall is Template:Cvt with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around Template:Cvt, and lowest in January, at around Template:Cvt. The highest temperature ever recorded in Pont-Saint-Esprit was Template:Cvt on 6 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was Template:Cvt on 7 January 1985.

Bouvier family origins

Pont-Saint-Esprit is famous as the town of origin of Michel Bouvier, a cabinetmaker, who was the ancestor of John Vernou Bouvier III, father of Jacqueline Kennedy.

1951 mass poisoning incident

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On 15 August 1951, an outbreak of poisoning, marked by acute psychotic episodes and various physical symptoms, occurred in Pont-Saint-Esprit. More than 250 people were involved, including 50 persons interned in asylums and four deaths.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most academic sources accept naturally occurring ergot poisoning in rye flour as the cause of the epidemic, while a few theorize other causes such as poisoning by mercury, mycotoxins, or nitrogen trichloride.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Finger2001">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="PommervilleAlcamo2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Simonetta2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Burwick2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

International relations

Pont-Saint-Esprit is twinned with:

• Template:Flagicon Egelsbach, Germany
• Template:Flagicon Haverhill, United Kingdom
• Template:Flagicon Penacova, Portugal

Notable people

• Michel Bouvier (1792–1874), carpenter and French American immigrant to Philadelphia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Joseph Di Mambro (1924–1994), French cult leader<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Communes of the Gard department

Further reading

• John G. Fuller, The Day Of St. Anthony's Fire (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1968).

External links

• Tourism office website
• Document BBC Radio 4 programme on the Le Pain Maudit