Porus
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox royalty Porus or Poros (Template:Langx Template:Transliteration; Template:Floruit 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of what is now India and Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC).<ref name="Fuller pg 198">Fuller, pg 198
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"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}</ref> In the aftermath, an impressed Alexander not only reinstated him as his satrap but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the Hyphasis (Beas).<ref name="ReferenceA">p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J. Woronoff & I. Spence</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2</ref> Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.<ref name="eb">Template:Citation</ref>
SourcesEdit
The only contemporary information available on Porus and his kingdom is from Greek sources, whereas Indian sources do not mention him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These Greek sources differ considerably among themselves.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
IdentificationEdit
PurusEdit
Michael Witzel conjectures that Porus was a king of the Pūrus, a Vedic tribe, who existed as a marginal power in Punjab after their defeat in the Battle of the Ten Kings.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri largely agreed with this identification.<ref name=":1" />
SourasenisEdit
Quintus Curtius Rufus mentions Porus' vanguard soldiers carrying a banner of "Herakles" during the face-off with Alexander.<ref name=":2" /> Accordingly, Ishwari Prasad and a few other scholars argue that Porus was a Shurasena.<ref>A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, p. 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California</ref>Template:Efn This identification is based on the fact that multiple Greek histories — Indica by Arrian, Geographica by Strabo, and Bibliotheca historica by Diodorus Siculus — note MegasthenesTemplate:Efn to have described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi who worshiped one "Herakles" and originated from the lands of Mathura and Yamuna.<ref name=":2">Krishna: a Sourcebook, p. 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn
RuleEdit
BackgroundEdit
Porus ruled over the tracts between the rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo noted the territory to contain almost 300 cities.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref> He had a hostile relationship with the neighboring polity of Taxila, having assassinated their erstwhile ruler Ambhiraj, his maternal uncle.<ref name=":6" />
When Alexander crossed the Indus in their eastward invasion, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the then-ruler of Taxila, Omphis, son of Ambhiraj.<ref name=":6" /> Years ago, he had visited Alexander in Sogdiana and was treated as an ally; Omphis' rule was confirmed and gifts lavished, but a Macedonian satrap was installed.<ref name=":6" /> Omphis hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission, leveraging the might of Alexander's forces, and dispatched diplomatic missions to this effect.<ref name=":6" />
In response, Abisares offered submission but Porus refused, leading Alexander to seek a face-off on the bank of Jhelum.<ref name=":6" /> Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown and the exact strength of the armies cannot be determined either, due to major discrepancies between sources.<ref name=":6" />
Battle of the HydaspesEdit
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Alexander re-used the same vessels which were used for crossing the Indus, the first time, some 300 km away at Udabhandapura.<ref name=":6" /> His forces frequently mounted intrusion-attempts and even before the battle had started, skirmishes were reported in the riverine islands.<ref name=":6" />
A few months later, Alexander decided to accompany a strike force across the densely forested headlands and besiege Porus' defense; the base camp with substantial cavalry and infantry units was left under Craterus, who was advised to follow Alexander upon a successful passage whilst the remaining forces were distributed along the river under three phalanx officers to distract Porus' forces.<ref name=":6" /> The strategy was successful and they crossed the Jhelum unobstructed, on a stormy night, just before dawn.<ref name=":6" /> A band of horsemen on chariots led by Porus' son did detect the intrusion and mount a charge but was repelled by Alexander's superior cavalry.<ref name=":6" />
Informed of Alexander's passage, Porus became concerned with tackling those who had already crossed, rather than preventing passage of the remaining majority.<ref name=":6" /> He took a defensive position in the plains, interspersing infantry units with elephantsTemplate:Efn on the front lines and stationing the cavalry and chariots in the wings.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Alexander chose to shield his infantry and instead led a devastating cavalry charge on Porus' left wing, forcing reinforcements from the right; however, this rear-transit came under attack by Coenus' cavalry and Porus' cavalry was compelled to take refuge within the infantry frontlines, causing confusion.<ref name=":6" />
This led to an all-out attack from both sides, but Porus' plans proved futile.<ref name=":6" /> According to Heckle (2014), Porus is believed to have had around 30,000 infantry. However, Porus only had 4,000 mounted troops.<ref>Heckel, W. (2012). “Conquest of the Punjab” in The Conquests of Alexander the Great (Canto Classics, pp. 112–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139197076.011</ref> Not only were Porus' cavalry charges repelled but the mahouts were killed using sarissas and the elephants were pushed back into Porus' columns, wreaking havoc on the rear, Alexander's cavalry kept charging and inflicting disorder.<ref name=":6" /> Soon Porus' army was surrounded on all sides, and became easy fodder for Alexander's forces with the cavalry exterminated and most of the elephants captured.<ref name=":6" /> Still, Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<ref name=":6" /> A fraction of the infantry successfully escaped and probably planned to regroup but Craterus pursued them to their deaths.<ref name=":6" />
ResultEdit
The battle resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources, who obviously exaggerated.<ref name=":6" /> Alexander held athletic and gymnastic games at the site, and even commissioned two cities in commemoration: Nicaea at the site of his victory and Bucephalous at the battle-ground, in memory of his horse.<ref name=":6" />Template:Efn Later, decadrachms were minted by the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indian soldiers atop an elephant.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
AftermathEdit
Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose not to depose him.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His territory was not only restored, but also expanded, with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<ref name=":7" /> Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus.<ref name=":7" />
A joint expedition was then mounted against a territory east of the Chenab, ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army.<ref name=":7" /> The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the Ravi.<ref name=":7" /> Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants.<ref name=":7" /> As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.<ref name=":7" />
Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to the Beas and even intended to cross it towards the Gangetic Plain; however, the monsoon was at its peak and his weary troops remained stubborn despite his cajoling and threats.<ref name=":7" /> A reluctant Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn back.<ref name=":7" /> Porus was thus ratified as the de facto ruler of the entire territory east of the Jhelum, with no European satrap to co-rule with, unlike Ambhi and Abisares.<ref name=":7" /> The crossing-back of the Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.<ref name=":7" />
DeathEdit
After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas' murder in 321 BC, Antipater became the new regent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus' authority over the territories along the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, killed Porus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cultural depictions of PorusEdit
- Porus is defeated by Alexander in single combat in the premodern text, the Alexander Romance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Sohrab Modi portrayed Porus in the 1941 movie Sikandar
- Prithviraj Kapoor portrayed Porus in the 1965 movie Sikandar-e-Azam
- Porus is played by Arun Bali in the 1991 TV series Chanakya.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
- Porus appears in the 1999 animated series Reign: The ConquerorTemplate:Citation needed
- Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor, Bin Bunluerit, in Alexander (2004)Template:Citation needed
- Porus appears in the 2011 TV series Chandragupta Maurya.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref>
- SET launched Siddharth Kumar Tewary's serial titled Porus on the Battle of Hydaspes<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed by Laksh Lalwani.
- Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of Rome: Total War: Alexander.
- Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Lendring, Jona. Alexander de Grote - De ondergang van het Perzische rijk (Alexander the Great. The demise of the Persian empire), Amsterdam: Athenaeum - Polak & Van Gennep, 2004. Template:ISBN
- Holt, Frank L. Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions, California: University of California Press, 2003, 217pgs. Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite book