Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox building
The BT Communications Tower, also known simply as the BT Tower, is a grade II listed communications tower in Fitzrovia, London, England, owned by BT Group. It has also been known as the GPO Tower, the Post Office Tower,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Telecom Tower.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main structure is Template:Convert high, with aerial rigging bringing the total height to Template:Convert.<ref name="bt-com-bt-tower" />
Upon completion in 1964, it was the tallest structure in London and remained so until 1980. Butlins managed a revolving restaurant in the tower from 1966 until 1980.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 360° LED screen displays news across central London.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In February 2024, the sale of the tower to MCR Hotels was announced.<ref name="Kolirin 2024 m662" />
HistoryEdit
Design and constructionEdit
The tower was commissioned by the GPO. Its primary purpose was to support the microwave aerials then used to carry telecommunications traffic from London to the rest of the country, as part of the GPO microwave network.<ref>Belfast Telegraph Thursday 2 February 1961, page 10</ref>
It replaced a shorter, 1940s steel lattice tower on the roof of the neighbouring Museum Telephone Exchange. The taller structure was required to protect the radio links' line of sight against tall buildings then planned in London. Links were routed via GPO microwave stations Harrow Weald, Bagshot, Kelvedon Hatch and Fairseat, and locations including the London Air Traffic Control Centre.Template:Cn
The tower was designed by the Ministry of Public Building and Works, under chief architects Eric Bedford and G R Yeats. Typical for its time, the building is concrete clad in glass. The narrow cylindrical shape was chosen as a stable platform for microwave aerials. It shifts no more than Template:Convert in wind speeds of up to 150 km/h (95 mph). To prevent overheating, the glass cladding had to be tinted.Template:Cn
Construction began in June 1961; owing to the building's height and its having a tower crane jib across the top virtually throughout the whole construction period, it gradually became a very prominent landmark that could be seen from almost anywhere in London. A question was raised in Parliament in August 1963 about the crane. Reginald Bennett MP asked the Minister of Public Buildings and Works, Geoffrey Rippon, how, when the crane on the top of the new Tower had fulfilled its purpose, he proposed to remove it. Rippon replied: "This is a matter for the contractors. The problem does not have to be solved for about a year but there appears to be no danger of the crane having to be left in situ."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Construction reached 475 ft by August 1963. The revolving restaurant was prefabricated by Ransomes & Rapier<ref>Daily Herald Friday 1 November 1963, page 8</ref> and the lattice tower by Stewarts & Lloyds subsidiary Tubewrights.<ref>Birmingham Daily Post Wednesday 7 October 1964, page 7</ref>
The tower was topped out on 15 July 1964, by Geoffrey Rippon<ref>Coventry Evening Telegraph Wednesday 15 July 1964, page 40</ref> and inaugurated by Prime Minister Harold Wilson on 8 October 1965. The main contractor was Peter Lind & Company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The tower was originally designed to be just Template:Convert high; its foundations are sunk down through Template:Convert of London clay, and are formed of a concrete raft Template:Convert square, Template:Convert thick, reinforced with six layers of cables, on top of which sits a reinforced concrete pyramid.<ref>"BT Tower: serving the nation 24 hours a day", BT, 1993</ref>
Initially, the first 16 floors were for technical equipment and power. Above that was a Template:Convert section for the microwave aerials, then six floors of suites, a revolving restaurant, kitchens, technical equipment, and finally a cantilevered steel lattice tower. The construction cost was £2.5 million.Template:Cn
The first microwave link was to Norwich on 1 January 1965. The Met Office put a weather radar on top of the tower.<ref>Liverpool Echo Thursday 1 October 1964, page 8</ref> Much of the telecommunications equipment was made by GEC.<ref>Coventry Evening Telegraph Friday 8 October 1965, page 63</ref> The stainless steel clad windows were made by Henry Hope & Sons Ltd.<ref>Birmingham Daily Post Monday 26 July 1965, page 24</ref>
OpeningEdit
The tower was opened to the public on 19 May 1966, by Postmaster General, Anthony Wedgwood Benn and Billy Butlin,<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with HM Queen Elizabeth II having visited on 17 May 1966.<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
As well as communications equipment and office space, there were viewing galleries and a souvenir shop. Butlins' Top of the Tower revolving restaurant on the 34th floor made one revolution every 23 minutes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Liverpool Daily Post Wednesday 3 June 1964, page 14</ref> and meals cost about £4<ref>The Tatler Saturday 17 September 1966, page 51</ref> (Template:InflationTemplate:Inflation/fn).
In the first year there were nearly one million visitors,<ref name="btplc.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and over 100,000 diners.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
BombingEdit
A bomb exploded in the ceiling of the men's toilets at the Top of the Tower restaurant at 04:30 on 31 October 1971,<ref name="btplc.com" /> the blast damaged buildings and cars up to Template:Convert away.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Responsibility for the bomb was claimed by members of the Angry Brigade, a far-left anarchist collective.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A call was also made by a person claiming to be the Kilburn Battalion of the IRA.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The tower for visiting was closed to the general public following the 1971 bombing, but the restaurant reopened. In 1980, Butlins' restaurant lease expired.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The tower has been used for events including a children's Christmas party and Children in Need 2010. It retains the revolving floor.Template:Cn
RecentEdit
The tower's microwave aerials remained in use into the 21st century, connected to subterranean optical fibre links.Template:Cn
In 2009, a 360° coloured screen was installed Template:Convert up, over the 36 and 37th floors of the tower. It replaced an earlier light projection system and incorporated 529,750 LEDs arranged in 177 vertical strips around the tower. It was then the largest of its type in the world,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> occupying an area of Template:Convert and with a circumference of Template:Convert. It displayed a countdown of the number of days until the start of the 2012 Summer Olympics.Template:Cn
In April 2019, the screen broadcast a Windows 7 error message for almost a day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In October 2009, The Times reported that the revolving restaurant would be reopened in time for the 2012 London Olympics.<ref name="Goodman">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> However, in December 2010, it was noted those plans had been "quietly dropped".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For the tower's 50th anniversary, the 34th floor was opened for three days from 3 to 5 October 2015 to 2,400 winners of a lottery.<ref name="50 ingenious years">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The BT Tower was given Grade II listed building status in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several of the defunct antennae attached to the building were protected by this listing, meaning they could not be removed unless the appropriate listed building consent was granted. Permission for their removal was given in 2011 on safety grounds, as they were in a bad state of repair and the fixings were no longer secure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The last of the antennae was removed in December 2011, leaving the core of the tower visible.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Entry to the building is by two high-speed lifts, which travel at a top speed of 1400 feet per minute (Template:Convert) and reach the top of the building in under 30 seconds. The original equipment was installed by the Express Lift Company, but it has since been replaced by elevators manufactured by ThyssenKrupp. Due to the confined space in the tower's core, removing the motors of the old lifts involved creating an access hole in the cast iron shaft wall, and then cutting the 3-ton winch machines into pieces and bringing them down in one of the functioning lifts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 1960s an Act of Parliament was passed to vary fire regulations, allowing the building to be evacuated by using the lifts – unlike other buildings of the time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2006, the tower began to be used for short-term air-quality observations by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and this has continued in a more permanent form as BT Tower Observatory, an urban atmospheric pollution observatory to help monitor air quality in the capital.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The aim is to measure pollutant levels above ground level to determine their source. One area of investigation is the long-range transport of fine particles from outside the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
On 21 February 2024, BT Group announced the sale of BT Tower to MCR Hotels, who plan to retain the tower as a hotel.<ref name="Kolirin 2024 m662">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
The tower has appeared in novels, films and on television, including Smashing Time, The Bourne Ultimatum, Space Patrol, Doctor Who, V for Vendetta, 28 Days Later, 28 Weeks Later, The Union and Danger Mouse. It is toppled by a giant kitten in The Goodies 1971 King Kong parody Kitten Kong.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
It was referenced by the Dudley Moore Trio's track GPO Tower used in the soundtrack for Bedazzled in which it also appeared.<ref name="gpo film">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Two stamps depicting the tower, designed by Clive Abbott (born 1933), were issued in 1965.<ref>West Lothian Courier Friday 6 August 1965, page 9</ref><ref>East Kent Times Wednesday 13 October 1965, page 11</ref>
RacesEdit
The first documented race up the tower's stairs was on 18 April 1968, between University College London and Edinburgh University; it was won by an Edinburgh runner in 4 minutes, 46 seconds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1969, eight university teams competed. John Pearson from Victoria University of Manchester was fastest in 5 minutes, 6 seconds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 1969, the tops of the GPO Tower and the Empire State Building in New York City served as the start and finish lines of the Daily Mail Trans-Atlantic Air Race. The race between the two buildings was held over an eight-day period and commemorated the 50th Anniversary of the first non-stop transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown. A total of 21 prizes were offered to entrants for categories based on the type of aircraft they utilised and their direction of travel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
SecrecyEdit
Information about the tower was designated an official secret and in 1978, journalist Duncan Campbell was tried for collecting information about such locations. The judge ordered the tower could only be referred to as 'Location 23'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It is often said that the tower did not appear on Ordnance Survey maps, despite being a Template:Convert tall structure in the middle of central London that had been open to the public.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, this is incorrect; the 1971 1:25,000 and 1981 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey maps show the tower<ref>Template:Cite journal (The Charles Close Society)</ref> as does the 1984 London A–Z street atlas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In February 1993, MP Kate Hoey used the tower as an example of trivia being kept secret, and joked that she hoped parliamentary privilege allowed her to confirm that the tower existed and to state its street address.<ref>Template:Cite hansard Template:Webarchive</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Post Office Tower during construction.jpg
BT Tower under construction in the 1960s
- View from the Post Office Tower in 1966 (4) (geograph 6862425).jpg
View of the British Museum and the River Thames from the BT Tower, 1966
- Tottenham Court Road a Great Russel Street torkolatál, szemben a Euston Tower felhőkarcoló, balra a BT Tower TV torony látszik. Fortepan 100630.jpg
BT Tower in 1970
- BT Tower.jpg
BT Tower from Queen's Tower, 2007
- London - View from London Eye - BT Tower - panoramio.jpg
Top of BT Tower from the London Eye
See alsoEdit
- List of masts
- List of tallest buildings and structures in Great Britain
- List of towers
- List of tallest buildings and structures in London
- Telecommunications towers in the UK
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Structurae. Retrieved on 21 January 2015.
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