New York City
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}}Template:Main other Template:Regions of New York New York, often called New York City (NYC),Template:Efn is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive with a respective county. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the United States by both population and urban area. New York is a global center of finance<ref name=NYCFinancialCapitalWorldA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and commerce, culture, technology,<ref name=NewYorkCityDestinationNumberOneTechHub>Template:Cite news</ref> entertainment and media, academics, and scientific output,<ref name=NYCScientificCapital>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the arts and fashion, and, as home to the headquarters of the United Nations, international diplomacy.<ref name="The City of New York">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYCWorld'sMostImportantCity2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="NewYorkCapitaloftheWorld2">Template:Cite news</ref>
With an estimated population in 2024 of 8,478,072<ref name=Estimate2024/><ref name="nyc.gov"/> distributed over Template:Convert,<ref name=QuickFacts/> the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city.<ref name=CensusNYC>U.S. Census Bureau History: New York City and the New Year, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2021, 3,079,776 New Yorkers identified themselves as foreign-born, including 1,542,413 Latin American, 910,151 Asian, and 443,113 European immigrants.... The 2020 Census found that New York City was home to 8,804,190 people. Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's distant second most populous city with 3,898,747 residents."</ref> With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area<ref>Census Data for the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 30, 2024.</ref> and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City,<ref name="QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents who were born outside the United States,<ref name="CensusNYC" /> the largest foreign-born city population in the world.<ref name="NYCHighestForeignBorn">Template:Cite news</ref>
New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists around 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was temporarily renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York,<ref name="npsnetherland" /> before being permanently renamed New York in November 1674. Following independence from Great Britain, the city was the national capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.<ref name="senate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island.
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District, Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and fintech center<ref name="NYCFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the most economically powerful city in the world.<ref name="NewYorkMostPowerfulGlobalCity">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a gross metropolitan product of over US$2.16 trillion.<ref name="fred.stlouisfed.org"/> The New York metropolitan area's economy is larger than all but nine countries in the world. Despite having a 24/7 rapid transit system, New York also leads the world in urban automobile traffic congestion.<ref name=NYCCongestion/> The city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors.<ref name=NYCSafeHavenGlobalInvestors>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates<ref name=MostExpensiveCityExpats>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has by a wide margin the highest residential rents of any city in the nation.<ref name=NYCMostExpensiveRents>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fifth Avenue is the most expensive shopping street in the world.<ref name=FifthAvenueMostExpensiveStreetOnEarth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York City is home, by a significant margin, to the highest number of billionaires,<ref name=NYCHighestNumberBillionaires>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million),<ref name=NYCUltraHighNetWorth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and millionaires of any city in the world.<ref name=NewYorkArtMarketGlobalHeadquarters>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
Template:See also In 1664, New York was named in honor of the Duke of York (later King James II of England).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> James's elder brother, King Charles II, appointed him proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, when the Kingdom of England seized it from Dutch control.<ref name="Archdeacon2013a">Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
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Early historyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquians, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano.<ref name="Debo2013">Template:Cite book</ref> He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême).<ref name="rodgers">Template:Cite book</ref> A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Saint Anthony's River').<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.<ref name="Lankevich2002">Template:Cite book</ref> He sailed up what the Dutch called North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange.<ref name="hudsonnni">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was Juan Rodriguez, a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Dutch ruleEdit
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A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.<ref>Dutch Colonies, National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."</ref><ref name="Tolerance">GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.</ref>
The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street, where a Template:Convert wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> for "the value of 60 guilders"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (about $900 in 2018).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.<ref name="npsnetherland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.<ref name="locnetherland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).<ref name="npsnetherland" /><ref name="nahcnetherland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
English ruleEdit
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In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant" /><ref name="nnistuyvesant">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.<ref name="lehrmanstuyvesant">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname, which they had gained from the English,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Anthony Colve of the Dutch navy seized New York at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange.<ref name="Roper2017">Template:Cite book</ref> The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<ref>"Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700–1800</ref> New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York.<ref name="Foote2004">Template:Cite book</ref> It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most were domestic slaves; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.<ref name="AsanteMazama2005">Template:Cite book</ref>
The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish freedom of the press in North America.<ref name="zenger">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1754, Columbia University was founded.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
American RevolutionEdit
The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.<ref name="BoyerClark2009">Template:Cite book</ref> The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn.<ref name="Reno2008">Template:Cite book</ref> A British rout of the Continental Army at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing George Washington and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to New Jersey, pursued by British forces.<ref>Fort Washington, American Battlefield Trust. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... Seeing how precarious the American position was, Howe launched a three-pronged assault on Fort Washington and its outer defensive works. The combined British-Hessian assault force of 8,000 men grossly outnumbered the fort's 3,000 defenders.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."</ref><ref>Schenawolf, Harry. "Washington's Retreat Across New Jersey: A British Fox Chase", Revolutionary War Journal, August 5, 2019. Accessed December 31, 2023.</ref>
After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made New York their military and political base of operations in North America.<ref>Aggarwala, Rohit T. "'I want a Packet to arrive': Making New York City the headquarters of British North America 1696-1783", New York History, Winter 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "One of New York City's key distinctions in the late colonial period was its role as the headquarters of the British Army in North America, almost continuously from 1755 to 1783."</ref> The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the Crown, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent.<ref>"Finding Freedom: Deborah", Museum of the American Revolution, May 4, 2018. Accessed December 31, 2023. "They ran to the British Army which offered freedom to enslaved people owned by rebel masters based on the 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued by British General Henry Clinton. Historians estimate that 10,000 enslaved people sought freedom by escaping to the British during the Revolutionary War."</ref><ref>Goulet, L.; and Tsaltas-Otoomanelli, Mary. "Black Loyalists In The Evacuation Of New York City, 1783", The Gotham Center for New York City History, November 15, 2023. Accessed December 31, 2023. "By 1783, New York City had become the largest fugitive slave community in North America.... Free and self-emancipated Black people entered New York City during the British occupation seeking protection."</ref> When the British forces evacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia, England, and the Caribbean.<ref name="Hinks2007">Template:Cite book</ref>
The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776.<ref>Mattera, John. Conference House Park The Daily Plant : Thursday, September 7, 2006, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed December 29, 2023.</ref> Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including Trinity Church.<ref>Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7</ref><ref>New York City (NYC) The Great Fire of 1776, Baruch College. Accessed December 29, 2023. "The fire started in a wooden building near White Hall Slip, called the Fighting Cocks Tavern, a fun house visited by the city's most disreputable residents. It was fanned by winds south west of the city and spread rapidly into the night, demolishing 493 buildings and houses in the process."</ref>
Post-revolutionary period and early 19th centuryEdit
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In January 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital.<ref>"January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1", Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."</ref> New York was the last capital of the United States under the Articles of Confederation and the first under the Constitution.<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War"/> As the capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, George Washington, and the first Congress, at Federal Hall on Wall Street. Congress drafted the Bill of Rights there.<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Supreme Court held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790.
In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, where it remained while the new capital in Washington, D.C. was being constructed.<ref name="residence act">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Under New York State's gradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.<ref>"An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York" (L. 1799, Ch. 62)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A significant free Black population gradually developed in Manhattan, made up of former slaves who had been freed by their masters after the American Revolutionary War, as well as escaped slaves. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children.<ref name="Divided">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state.<ref>When Did Slavery End in New York State?, New-York Historical Society. Accessed January 16, 2024. "In 1799, New York passed a Gradual Emancipation act that freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but indentured them until they were young adults. In 1817 a new law passed that would free slaves born before 1799 but not until 1827."</ref> Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).<ref name=Census1790to1990/>
Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.<ref>Template:Cite book; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1831, New York University was founded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Members of the business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.<ref>Waxman, Sarah. "History of Central Park, New York", NY.com. Accessed January 16, 2024. "New York's Central Park is the first urban landscaped park in the United States."</ref>
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.<ref name="Harris">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
American Civil WarEdit
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Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.<ref name="Divided" /> Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.<ref name="Divided" />
The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground.<ref name="Harris" /> At least 120 people were killed.<ref name="McPherson">Template:Cite book</ref> Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.<ref name="Harris" /><ref name="McPherson" /> It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Late 19th and early 20th centuryEdit
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In 1886, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived via Ellis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.<ref name="Statue of Liberty UNESCO">Statue of Liberty, UNESCO. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since."</ref><ref>The Immigrant's Statue, Statue of Liberty National Monument. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Between 1886 and 1924, almost 14 million immigrants entered the United States through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams."</ref>
In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.<ref name="Cudahy2004">Template:Cite book</ref> Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.<ref name="Blake2009">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people.<ref name="Sheard1998">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban African diaspora in North America.<ref name="GatesHigginbotham2009">Template:Cite book</ref> The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition.<ref name="Roche2015">Template:Cite book</ref> The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Late 20th and early 21st centuriesEdit
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In 1969, the Stonewall riots were a series of violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.<ref name="Murphy2013">Template:Cite book</ref> They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1" /><ref name="KentuckyStonewall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PinkNewsStonewall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="EncycloStonewall">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and the modern fight for LGBT rights.<ref name="NPSStonewall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ObamaStonewall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality.<ref name="TransEqualityNYC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President Gerald Ford gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the New York Daily News as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD".<ref>Roberts, Sam. "Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford", The New York Times, December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."</ref> The Municipal Assistance Corporation was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.<ref>Chan, Sewell. "Felix G. Rohatyn, Financier Who Piloted New York's Rescue, Dies at 91", The New York Times, December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."</ref> While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 census;<ref>Population - Decennial Census - Census 2000, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."</ref> further records were set in the 2010 and 2020 censuses.<ref>Population, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City's was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."</ref> Important new economic sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged.<ref name="Waller2013">Template:Cite book</ref>
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The year 2000 was celebrated with fanfare in Times Square.<ref name=NYC-Y2K>Template:Cite news</ref> New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.<ref name="Dieterle2017">Template:Cite book</ref> Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers.<ref>Nelson, Joshua Q. "Former FDNY commissioner on losing 343 firefighters on 9/11: 'We had the best fire chiefs in the world'", Fox News, September 11, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Of the 2,753 people killed at the World Trade Center, 343 were first responders from the Fire Department of New York, while another 71 were law enforcement officers from 10 different agencies."</ref>
The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure,<ref name="Greenspan2013">Template:Cite book</ref> including the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="OneWTCtallest">Template:Cite news</ref> and the world's seventh-tallest building by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic Template:Convert, a reference to the year of American independence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City was heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system,<ref>Flegenheimer, Matt. "Flooded Tunnels May Keep City's Subway Network Closed for Several Days", The New York Times, October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."</ref> and flooding of all East River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel.<ref>Superstorm Sandy: The Devastating Impact On The Nation's Largest Transportation Systems, United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight, and Ports, December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."</ref> The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the Great Blizzard of 1888.<ref>Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob. "Behind Decision to Close Markets", The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."</ref> At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.<ref>"NYC Still Vulnerable to Hurricanes 10 Years After Sandy", Bloomberg Businessweek, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."</ref> The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2/><ref>Ten Years After Sandy; Barriers to Resilience, New York City Comptroller Brad Lander, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Of the $15 billion of federal grants appropriated for Sandy recovery and resilience, the City has spent $11 billion, or 73%, as of June 2022."</ref>
In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China as the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Robinson, David. "COVID-19: How New York City became epicenter of coronavirus pandemic, what that means", The Journal News, March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"</ref> Through March 2023, New York City recorded more than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.<ref>"Tracking Coronavirus in New York: Latest Map and Case Count", The New York Times, March 23, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024 "Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 6,805,271 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 243 residents have died from the coronavirus, a total of 80,109 deaths."</ref>
GeographyEdit
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New York City lies in the northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. Its location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city become a significant trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.
During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet.<ref name="JacksonKeller2010a">Template:Cite book</ref> The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Hudson River separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.<ref name="nytimes">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Importance inline
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">Template:Cite book</ref> Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The city's total area is Template:Convert. Template:Cvt of the city is land and Template:Cvt of it is water.<ref name="CensusGazetteer">New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="NYT Land Estimate">Template:Cite news</ref> The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at Template:Convert above sea level, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
BoroughsEdit
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Template:Nowrap is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State, making New York City one of the U.S. municipalities in multiple counties.
Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City.<ref name="ManhattanTheCity">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Manhattan's population density of Template:Convert in 2022 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.<ref name=CensusDensity2022/> Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the United States<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BrooklynDesignHub">Template:Cite news</ref> and of postmodern art and design.<ref name="BrooklynDesignHub" /><ref name="BrooklynArt1">Template:Cite news</ref> Brooklyn is also home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> aside from Coast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a battery used during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,<ref name="queensdiverse">Template:Cite news</ref> and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Queens is the site of the Citi Field, home of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual US Open tennis tournament at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, with plans to build Etihad Park, a soccer-specific stadium for New York City FC.<ref>"Mets owner Steve Cohen proposes $8 billion casino complex at Citi Field", WABC-TV, November 7, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The property surrounding Citi Field is home to Flushing Corona Park, the US Open Tennis Center, and a planned soccer stadium for New York City FC."</ref> Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are in Queens.<ref>Rizzo, Cailey. "What to Know About NYC Airports Before Your Next Trip; New York City has three major airports, so which should you choose? Here's everything you need to know before booking your flight.", Travel and Leisure, January 10, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "NYC's main airport, John F. Kennedy International, is in Queens. It's the largest and busiest of the three major airports serving the city, seeing more than 55 million passengers per year.... LaGuardia is the smallest of the NYC area's three major airports but has been called the most efficient in the world. It's located in Queens, about 10 miles north of JFK, and is most accessible from Queens, Manhattan's Upper East Side, the Bronx, and northern Brooklyn."</ref>
The Bronx (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough and the only one that is mostly on the U.S. mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively-owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,<ref name="BronxZoo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which spans Template:Convert and houses more than 6,000 animals.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of hip hop music and its associated culture.<ref name="Toop-1992">Template:Cite book</ref> Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt20130601">Template:Cite news</ref>
Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately Template:Cvt, including Template:Convert of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
ClimateEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Climate chart Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa).<ref name="Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="newyorkpolonia.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city receives an average of Template:Convert of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages over 2,500 hours of sunshine annually.<ref name=NYCSunshine>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.<ref>Weather in New York, Climate and Weather. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Sprawling across three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River in the north-eastern United States, New York City's climate benefits from the warm Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. This, coupled with the protection of the Appalachian Mountains inland, keep the city warmer than other big American cities at similar latitudes."</ref> The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is Template:Convert.<ref name="NOAA txt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Temperatures usually drop to Template:Convert several times per winter,<ref name="NYC climate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> yet can also reach Template:Convert for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of Template:Convert in July.<ref name="NOAA txt" />
Nighttime temperatures are Template:Convert degrees higher for the average city resident due to the urban heat island effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.<ref>Maldonando, Samantha. "How Much Hotter Is NYC's Heat Island Effect Making Your Neighborhood?", The City, July 26, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. "The city as a whole feels about 9.5 degrees hotter for the average New Yorker. That's thanks to the human-made surroundings that define the cityscape: tall buildings that limit air circulation, abundant asphalt and pavement and the heat-generating things New Yorkers do fairly close to one another, like running appliances and driving."</ref> Daytime temperatures exceed Template:Convert on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed Template:Convert, although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similarly, readings of Template:Convert are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Extreme temperatures have ranged from Template:Convert, recorded on July 9, 1936, down to Template:Convert on February 9, 1934;<ref name="NOAA txt" /> the coldest recorded wind chill was Template:Convert on the same day as the all-time record low.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was Template:Convert; this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was Template:Convert on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was Template:Convert, on July 2, 1903.<ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA" /> The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from Template:Convert in February to Template:Convert in August.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Weather box
ParksEdit
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The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the tenth-best park system among the most populous U.S. cities, citing the city's park acreage, investment in parks and that 99% of residents are within Template:Convert of a park.<ref>2023 ParkScore Index New York, NY, Trust for Public Land. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over Template:Convert, most of it in New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over Template:Convert of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay and the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden.<ref>Maps for Jamaica Bay Unit, Gateway National Recreation Area. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Within the Jamaica Bay Unit there are several places to visit. Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, Canarsie Pier, Breezy Point, Fort Tilden and Jacob Riis Park."</ref> In Staten Island, it includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park.<ref>Maps for Staten Island Unit, Gateway National Recreation Area. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The Staten Island Unit is made of three different areas, Fort Wadsworth, Miller Field, and Great Kills Park."</ref>
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Stonewall National Monument; Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark.
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. They include: the Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails; the Riverbank State Park, a Template:Convert facility;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Marsha P. Johnson State Park, a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River renamed in honor of Marsha P. Johnson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City has over Template:Convert of municipal parkland and Template:Convert of public beaches.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with Template:Cvt,<ref name="nyt20130601" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42 million visitors in 2023.<ref name=NYCvisitors/>
EnvironmentEdit
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Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, abundant public transportation infrastructure, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita greenhouse gas emissions rate and electricity usage. Governors Island is planned to host a US$1Template:Nbspbillion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.<ref name="NYCGlobalClimateLeader">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As an oceanic port city, New York City is vulnerable to long-term manifestations of global warming like sea level rise exacerbated by land subsidence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Climate change has spawned the development of a significant climate resiliency and environmental sustainability economy in the city. New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint.<ref name="NYCCarbonFootprint">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mass transit use is the highest in the country.
New York's high rate of public transit use, more than 610,000 daily cycling trips Template:As of,<ref name=NYCcycling/> and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">Template:Cite book</ref> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In both 2011 and 2015, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in 2018, Stacker ranked New York the most walkable American city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Citibank sponsored public bicycles for the city's bike-share project, which became known as Citi Bike, in 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require water treatment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city's municipal water system is the nation's largest, moving more than Template:Convert of water daily from a watershed covering Template:Convert<ref name="NYTimes-Water-Investment-2018">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>New York Water Fact Sheet, United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 2010. Accessed December 29, 2023. "New York City is home to the largest engineered water system in the nation, supplying more than 1 billion gallons of water each day to approximately 9 million people, representing half of the state's population. The city draws its water from reservoirs upstate, supplied by a 1,900-square mile watershed—that's about the size of Delaware."</ref>
According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5Template:Nbspmicrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0Template:Nbspmicrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0Template:Nbspmicrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with Queens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DemographicsEdit
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New York City is the most populous city in the United States,<ref name=Estimate2023/> with 8,804,190 residents as of the 2020 census, its highest decennial count ever, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 census.<ref name=QuickFacts/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nytimes_a">Template:Cite news</ref> More than twice as many people live in New York City as in Los Angeles, the second-most populous American city.<ref name="estimate2023a">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city's population in 2020 was 35.9% White, 22.7% Black, 14.6% Asian, 10.5% Mixed, 0.7% Native American and 0.1% Pacific Islander; 28.4% identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino.<ref name=QuickFacts/>
Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than the total gains over the same decade of the next four largest American cities (Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Phoenix) combined.<ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city's population density of Template:Convert makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref name=CensusDensity2022>Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022), United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 30, 2023.</ref> Manhattan's population density is Template:Convert, the highest of any county in the United States.<ref name=CensusDensity2022/>
Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320,<ref name=QuickFacts/> and about 39% of the population of the New York metropolitan area.<ref name="PopHousingEstMetro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island.<ref name=QuickFactsFiveBoroughs>QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County, New York; Kings County, New York; New York County, New York; Queens County, New York; Richmond County, New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 14, 2024.</ref> As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,<ref name="QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=800source2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=800source3>Template:Cite news</ref> and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami.<ref name="Immigrants2022est">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nearly seven times as many young professionals applied for jobs in New York City in 2023 as compared to 2019, making New York the most popular destination for recent college graduates.<ref name=NYCMostPopularDestinationCollegeGrads>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ethnicity and nationalityEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} According to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey, the largest self-reported ancestries in New York City were Dominican (8.7%), Chinese (7.5%), Puerto Rican (6.9%), Italian (5.5%), Mexican (4.4%), Irish (4.4%), Asian Indian (3.1%), German (2.9%), Jamaican (2.4%), Ecuadorian (2.3%), English (2.1%), Polish (1.9%), Russian (1.7%), Arab (1.4%), Haitian (1.4%), Guyanese (1.3%), Filipino (1.1%), and Korean (1.1%).<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The City of New York" /><ref name="Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York" />
| Historical demographics | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
2010<ref name="United States Census Bureau" /> | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
1970<ref name="pop" /> | 1940<ref name="pop" /> |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 30.9% | 33.3% | 43.4% | 64.0% | 92.1% | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 28.3% | 28.6% | 23.7% | 15.2% | 1.6% | ||
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 20.2% | 22.8% | 28.8% | 21.1% | 6.1% | ||
| Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) | 15.6% | 12.6% | 7.0% | 1.2% | 0.2% | ||
| Native American (non-Hispanic) | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.1% | N/A | ||
| Two or more races (non-Hispanic) | 3.4% | 1.8% | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Based on American Community Survey data from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population is foreign born (compared to 13.7% nationwide),<ref name=QuickFacts/> and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants.<ref>Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen; and Richwine, Jason. Births to Legal and Illegal Immigrants in the U.S; A look at health insurance coverage among new mothers by legal status at the state and local level, Center for Immigration Studies, October 9, 2018. Accessed January 14, 2024.</ref> Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants.<ref name="CityDiversity">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">The Newest New Yorkers: 2013, New York City Department of City Planning, December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."</ref> No single country or region of origin dominates.<ref name="CityDiversity" /> Queens has the largest Asian American and Andean populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name=QueensMostDiverseWorld3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2"/> Template:Multiple image
The metropolitan area has the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security" /> Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering over 5 million. Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil, are the top source countries from South America for immigrants to the New York City region; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than 1.2 million,<ref name=QuickFacts/> greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New York has the largest Chinese population of any city outside Asia,<ref name="NYCLargestChinesePopulation">Template:Cite news</ref> Manhattan's Chinatown is the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,<ref name="fact-sheet">* {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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- Template:Cite book</ref> and Queens is home to the largest Tibetan population outside Asia.<ref name="UnreachedNY">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. New York City has the highest Palestinian population in the United States.<ref name=NYCLargestPalestinianPopulation>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least twenty Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns.<ref name=NYCAmericanCommunitySurvey>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city, numbering 2.7 million in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse and many European ethnic groups have formed enclaves.<ref name=BrightonBeachRussianSpeakingEpicenter>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, New York City is home to the highest Jewish population of any city in the world,<ref name="Gergely-2024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and its metropolitan area concentrated over 2 million Jews as of 2021, the second largest Jewish population worldwide after the Tel Aviv metropolitan area in Israel.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated one in four residents was Jewish as of 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sexual orientation and gender identityEdit
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New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world and the central node of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) sociopolitical ecosystem, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBT populations and the most prominent.<ref name=NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying gay and bisexual people, the largest in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since 1980's New York v. Onofre case, which invalidated the state's sodomy law.<ref>Template:Cite court</ref> Same-sex marriage in New York was legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The annual NYC Pride March proceeds southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=NYCWorld>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The annual Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights and is accompanied by the ensuing Multicultural Parade.<ref name="NYCTrans">Template:Cite news</ref>
Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.<ref name="Authorities1">Template:Cite news</ref> New York City is home to the largest transgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.<ref name="NYCTrans" /><ref name="TransEqualityNYC" /> Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReligionEdit
Template:Further Template:Multiple image Christianity is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,<ref name="NYCReligion1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world.<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld"/> Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by Protestantism (23%), and other Christian denominations (3%). The Latin Catholic population is primarily served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Diocese of Brooklyn, while Eastern Catholics are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. Evangelical Protestantism is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by Mainline Protestantism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.<ref name="NYCReligion2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, Judaism is the second-largest religion practiced in New York City.<ref name="Gergely-2024" /> Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.<ref name="BrooklynJewish">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=BrookynTheMostJewishSpotOnEarth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Islam ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> 22.3% of American Muslims live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>—and the most ethnically diverse Muslim population of any city in the world.<ref name=NYCMostDiverseMuslimPopulationWorld>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the United States, and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identified atheists.<ref name=NYCReligion3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EconomyEdit
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New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, sometimes called the "Capital of the World".<ref name="NewYorkCapitaloftheWorld1">Template:Cite news</ref> Greater New York is the world's largest metropolitan economy, with a gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2.16 trillion in 2022.<ref name="bea.gov" /><ref name="fred.stlouisfed.org" /> New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, health care, and life sciences,<ref name="NYCHealthCareLifeSciences">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> medical technology and research, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is a major economic engine, benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City,<ref>Fortune 500 2011: Cities with most companies. CNNMoney. Retrieved July 21, 2011; Fortune, Vol. 163, no. 7 (May 23, 2011), p. F-45</ref> as are a large number of multinational corporations. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as Madison Avenue.<ref name="MadisonAveMetonym">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions. Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as Seventh Avenue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.<ref name="QuickFacts">QuickFacts for New York city, New York; New York; United States, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref>
In 2022, the gross domestic product of New York City was US$1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan.<ref name="bea.gov" /> Like other large cities, New York City has a degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2022.<ref>B19083 Gini Index of Income Inequality American Community Survey Universe: Households 2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75 million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services.<ref>New York City Economic Summary, Bureau of Labor Statistics, updated January 8, 2024. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref> Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties.<ref name="BLS2023Q3">County Employment And Wages – Second Quarter 2023, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 21, 2023. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref> New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents;<ref name="Localities_with_INCOME_tax">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYCTax">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYC_tax_schedule">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, with a total of 110.<ref name="NYCHighestNumberBillionaires" />
Wall StreetEdit
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New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as a comprehensive financial center, metonymously known as Wall Street. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.<ref name="NYSElargest">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYSEhighestcap">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets.<ref name="CNY2007">Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.<ref name="CNY2007" />Template:Rp New York is the principal commercial banking center of the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,<ref name="ManhattanOfficeSpace">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> making New York City the largest office market in the world,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,<ref name="ManhattanOfficeSpace" /> is the largest central business district in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tech and biotechEdit
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New York is a top-tier global technology hub.<ref name="NewYorkCityDestinationNumberOneTechHub" /><ref name="NYCTopTierTechHub">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Silicon Alley, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries,<ref name="Dickey2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not much silicon was involved.<ref name="Dickey2013" /><ref name="Ward2018">Template:Cite news</ref> New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications of artificial intelligence (AI),<ref name="AI-NYC1A">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="AI-NYC1B">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> broadband internet,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. Technology-driven startup companies and entrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.<ref name="TechNYC1">Template:Cite news</ref> Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.<ref name="NYCArtificialIntelligenceHub">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and a chatbot to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.<ref name="NYCArtificialIntelligenceGovernment">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The biotechnology sector is growing in New York City, based on the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Real estateEdit
New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.<ref name="NYCSafeHavenGlobalInvestors" /> The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765 billion (51.7%); condominiums, co-ops, and apartment buildings totaled $351 billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317 billion (21.4%).<ref>Department Of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2024 Tentative Property Tax Assessment Roll, New York City Department of Finance, press release dated January 17, 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. "The tentative assessment roll for FY24 shows the total market value of all New York City properties is $1.479 trillion, a 6.1 percent increase from Fiscal Year 2023. Property values for FY24 reflect real estate activity between January 6, 2022, to January 5, 2023, the taxable status date."</ref><ref name="NYC real estate">Template:Cite news</ref> Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at Template:Convert in 2023.<ref>Boonshoft, Michael. "New York's Fifth Avenue Retains Its Top Ranking As The World's Most Expensive Retail Destination", Cushman & Wakefield, November 20, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York's Fifth Avenue retains its top ranking as the world's most expensive retail destination, despite recording flat rental growth year-over-year (YOY)."</ref>
New York City has one of the highest costs of living in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage.<ref>Horowitz, Alex; and Staveski, Adam. "New York's Housing Shortage Pushes Up Rents and Homelessness", The Pew Charitable Trusts, May 25, 2023. Accessed March 17, 2024. "Housing construction in New York City and its suburbs has lagged far behind that of other major cities and their suburbs, resulting in low housing availability and a vacancy rate of just 3%. New York City's housing stock has only increased 4% since 2010, not nearly enough to keep up with its 22% increase in jobs. And from 2017 to 2021, New York City permitted 13 homes for every 1,000 residents in 2017, while Boston added 28, Washington, D.C., added 43, and Seattle added 67."</ref><ref>Morabito, Charlotte (June 24, 2024). How New York City's sky-high cost of living stacks up to London, CNBC. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443.<ref>Duddridge, Natalie (August 11, 2023). Manhattan's average rent soared to record $5,588 in July. CBS New York. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023.<ref>Barrett, George (August 2, 2023). Home Prices and Property Values in New York. NY Real Estate Trend. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below a monthly rental of $1,650, where less than 1% of units were available.<ref>Zaveri, Mihir. "New York City's Housing Crunch Is the Worst It Has Been in Over 50 Years Only 1.4 percent of the city's rentals were available in 2023, according to new data, the lowest portion since 1968. The market was even tighter for lower-cost apartments.", The New York Times, February 8, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "The portion of rentals that were vacant and available dropped to a startling 1.4 percent in 2023, according to city data released on Thursday. It was the lowest vacancy rate since 1968 and shows just how drastically home construction lags behind the demand from people who want to live in the city.... Then, that number — about 33,210 units in 2023 — is divided by the roughly 2.3 million total rental homes in the city that are either available or occupied by tenants. The vacancy rate dropped to 1.4 percent even as the city added some 60,000 homes over the past two years, according to the city data."</ref> Perennially high demand has pushed median monthly one-bedroom apartment rents in New York City to over US$4,000 and two-bedroom rents to over $5,000, the highest in the United States by a significant margin.<ref name="NYCMostExpensiveRents" />
TourismEdit
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Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and New York City Tourism + Conventions represents the city's official bureau of tourism.<ref>"NYC & Company is now New York City Tourism + Conventions", Travel Weekly, March 28, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's official destination marketing organization has changed its name to New York City Tourism + Conventions, dropping the NYC & Company name it's held since 1999."</ref> New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6 million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5 million international visitors, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.<ref name="Tourism2021" /> Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.<ref name="NYCMostPhotographed1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYCMostPhotographed2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYCMostPhotographed3">Template:Cite news</ref> I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo is owned by New York State Empire State Development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3 million in 2023.<ref name="Tourism2021">The Tourism Industry in New York City Reigniting the Return, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, April 2021. Accessed December 29, 2023. "After reaching a record high of 66.6 million visitors in 2019 and generating $47.4 billion in spending, the number of visitors to New York City dropped by 67 percent and their spending declined by 73 percent in 2020.... New York City hosted 66.6 million visitors in 2019 (about 25 percent of the State's 265.5 million visitors that year), a tenth-consecutive annual record. In 2020, the pandemic and related behavioral and governmental restrictions caused the number to drop to 22.3 million, a 67 percent reduction (see Figure 1)."</ref><ref>David, Greg. "Tourists Are Back to NYC in Big Numbers", The City, September 5, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2023. "But the city will not surpass its 2019 record of 66.6 million visitors because once-numerous travelers from China remain few and far between and Americans are flocking to Europe in unprecedented numbers.... Still, the numbers show a rebound with the official forecast from the tourism agency NYC & Co. still predicting 63.3 million visitors this year, up 12% from last year."</ref> Major landmarks in New York City include the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, and Central Park.<ref>Most Popular Landmarks in New York, LUXlife Magazine, November 5, 2021</ref> Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and a major center of the world's entertainment industry,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> attracting 50 million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections.<ref name="NYCvisitors">Alikpala, Gidget. "The top 10 most visited tourist attractions in the USA", As, September 4, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Central Park, New York- 42 million annual visitors... Times Square, New York- 50 million annual visitors. At number one is Times Square, one of the most iconic locations in the world."</ref> According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.<ref name="BroadwayLeagueStatistics">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Media and entertainmentEdit
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New York City has been described as the entertainment<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld" /><ref name="NYCTheEntertainmentCapitaloftheWorld">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and digital media capital of the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is the largest media market in North America.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are based in the city, including Warner Bros. Discovery, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corp, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, Fox Corporation, and Paramount Global. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,<ref name="NYC Media" /> and the publishing industry employs about 11,500 people, with an economic impact of $9.2 billion.<ref>Milliot, Jim. "New Report Finds NYC Publishing, Bookselling Jobs Fell Between 2010 and 2020", Publishers Weekly, December 1, 2022. Accessed January 30, 2024. "According to the study, book publishers generated $9.2 billion of economic output in 2020, ahead of the other publishing sub-sectors: periodical publishers ($6.3 billion); internet publishers ($2.8 billion); and newspaper publishers (2.5 billion).... The number of people employed in New York publishing houses dipped by 1.7% between 2010 and 2020, falling to 11,500."</ref> The two national daily newspapers with the largest daily circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times broadsheets.<ref>Majid, Aisha. "Top 25 US newspaper circulations: Largest print titles fall 14% in year to March 2023", Press Gazette, June 26, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "News Corp's business-focused The Wall Street Journal (609,654) and The New York Times (296,329) remain the biggest dailies in the US."'</ref> With 132 awards through 2022, The Times has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism<ref>Folkenflik, David. "The New York Times can't shake the cloud over a 90-year-old Pulitzer Prize", NPR, May 8, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The New York Times is looking to add to its list of 132 Pulitzer Prizes — by far the most of any news organization — when the 2022 recipients for journalism are announced on Monday."</ref> and is considered the U.S. media's newspaper of record.<ref>The New York Times, Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The Times is long regarded within the industry as a national 'newspaper of record'."</ref> Tabloid newspapers in the city include the New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and the New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.<ref>Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, p. 17.</ref><ref>New York Post, Library of Congress. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States. Established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post."</ref>
Template:As of, New York City was the second-largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2 billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1 billion.<ref>New York City Film and Television Industry Economic Impact Study 2021, New York City Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2019, New York City's film and television industry was directly responsible for 100,200 jobs, $12.2 billion in wages, and $64.1 billion in direct economic output."</ref> By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYC Media">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York is a major center for non-commercial educational media. NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> WNET is the city's major public television station and produces a third of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming.<ref>Thirteen/WNET, NYC Arts. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Channel Thirteen is the flagship television station of the Public Broadcasting Service—a national, commercial-free, viewer-supported network known for its productions of top-notch programming in the arts and culture (Masterpiece Theater; Great Performances), science and nature (NOVA; Stephen Hawking's Universe), news and public affairs (News Hour with Jim Lehrer; ITN World News) and the humanities (The 1900 House; The American President). Thirteen/WNET produces about a third of the prime-time public-television programming aired in the United States, for which it often taps the unmatched cultural resources of New York City."</ref> WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997,<ref>Darrow, Peter H. "Going Public: The Story of WNYC's Journey to Independence", WNYC, May 10, 2018. Accessed January 30, 2024. "From July 1924 until January 1997 WNYC was owned and operated by the City of New York. This is the story of how it became a self-supporting independent non-profit organization."</ref> has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CultureEdit
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New York City is frequently the setting for novels, movies, and television programs and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.<ref name="cultura1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="culture2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="culture3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cultural4">Template:Cite book</ref> The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> abstract expressionism (known as the New York School) in painting; and hip-hop,<ref name="Toop-1992" /><ref name="BPOHPINY">Template:Cite news</ref> punk,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> hardcore,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz,<ref name="Jazzzz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,<ref name="FastPaceNYC1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FastPaceNYC2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FastPaceNYC3">Template:Cite book</ref> which spawned the term New York minute.<ref name="NewYorkMinuteDefinition">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Weaver-2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, per Time Out's global poll of urban residents.<ref name="Weaver-2022" />
TheaterEdit
The central hub of the American theater scene is Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.<ref name="LondréWatermeier1998">Template:Cite book</ref> Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions.<ref>Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).</ref>
Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Forty-one venues mostly in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres.<ref>Learn about the 41 theatres on Broadway., Playbill. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion<ref>"2018 – 2019 Broadway End-of-Season Statistics", The Broadway League, May 28, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2022.</ref> Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58 billion with total attendance of 12.3 million.<ref>"2022–2023 Broadway End-Of-Season Statistics Show That Broadway Had Attendance Of 12.3 Million And Grosses Of $1.58 Billion", The Broadway League, press release dated May 23, 2023. Accessed January 1, 2024. "The Broadway League has released statistics for the 2022-2023 season, which began on May 23, 2022, and ended on May 21, 2023. In the first full season since Broadway returned from the COVID-19 pandemic closure, Broadway reached a total attendance of 12,283,399 and generated $1,577,586,897 in grosses."</ref><ref>Broadway Season Statistics, The Broadway League. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.<ref>Frequently Asked Questions, Tony Awards. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only Broadway productions that open in designated Broadway theatres in Manhattan are eligible for Tonys."</ref>
Accent and dialectEdit
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The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as non-rhotic so that the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}} does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant, therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk".<ref name="NYT19930214">Template:Cite news</ref> The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered on middle- and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,<ref name="NYT19930214" /> and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.<ref name="NYT19930214" />
ArchitectureEdit
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New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, has been recognized as an iconic symbol of the city,<ref>Fazzare, Elizabeth. "What Makes NYC's Skyline So Iconic? 17 Buildings to Know", Architectural Digest, May 23, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024. "When it comes to recognizable skylines, New York City's tops the list.... Super-talls and their historic neighbors have helped shape the iconic urban silhouette we associate with the city today."</ref><ref>Dobnik, Verena for Associated Press. "NYC sizing up its iconic skyline; Empire State Building' s owner objects to tower he says would spoil view", The Indianapolis Star, August 25, 2010. Accessed February 13, 2024, via Newspapers.com. "Look at Manhattan from afar, and the first thing you notice is the Empire State Building, spiking like a needle above the carpet of skyscrapers that coats the island from tip to tip. Now it's got some competition a proposal for a nearby glass office tower that would rise almost as high and alter the iconic skyline."</ref><ref>Hakela, Deepti. "Rising to new heights; Skinny skyscrapers are transforming NYC's iconic skyline", The Day, February 28, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2024, via Newspapers.com. "In New York City there's no escaping the pressure to be taller and thinner — not even for the skyscrapers Changes in building technology and materials in recent years have made it possible to build slender towers that are among the tallest in the world And some of these cloud-puncturing beanstalks are poised to transform the city's iconic skyline."</ref> and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. Template:As of, New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after Hong Kong and Seoul.<ref>Template:Usurped, Emporis. Accessed February 9, 2017.</ref>
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; Template:Cite book</ref>
In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Wide image
ArtsEdit
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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free concerts in Central Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries.<ref name="NYC arts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.<ref name="NYC arts" /> The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,<ref name="festival">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the upper portion of Carnegie Hill.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Nine museums occupy this section of Fifth Avenue, including the Guggenheim, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neue Galerie New York, the Jewish Museum, and The Africa Center, making it one of the densest displays of high culture in the world.<ref name="mmilemus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.<ref name="drv">Template:Cite news</ref> Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.<ref name="NYCArtAuction1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYCArtAuction2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the largest art museum in the Americas. In 2022, it welcomed 3.2 million visitors, ranking it the third-most visited museum in the country, and eighth-most visited art museum in the world.<ref>The Art Newspaper, "Visitors Survey 2022", March 27, 2023</ref> Its permanent collection contains more than two million works across 17 curatorial departments,<ref name="Metropolitan Museum Launches New and Expanded Web Site">"Metropolitan Museum Launches New and Expanded Web Site" Template:Webarchive, press release, The Met, January 25, 2000.</ref> and includes works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt; paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters; and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CuisineEdit
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New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's long immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought New York-style bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and corned beef,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based on inspection results.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.<ref name="NYCWorld" />
FashionEdit
New York City is a global fashion capital, and the fashion industry employs 4.6% of the city's private workforce.<ref name="NYCFashionCapital">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York Fashion Week (NYFW) is a high-profile semiannual event featuring models displaying the latest wardrobes created by fashion designers worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the marketplace.<ref name="NewYorkFashionWeekRetailTrendsetter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry.<ref name="NewYorkFashionWeekGlobalAndEconomicImpact">Template:Cite news</ref> New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks in Midtown Manhattan,<ref name="NYCFashionDistrict">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> clustered around a stretch of Seventh Avenue nicknamed Fashion Avenue.<ref name="NYCFashionAvenue">Nemy, Enid.(June 8, 1972) "Everybody – Well, Almost – Attended A Mammoth Party on 'Fashion Ave.'" The New York Times</ref> New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcase haute couture styles.<ref name="NYCHauteCouture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night".<ref name="MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ParadesEdit
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New York City is well known for its street parades, the majority in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,<ref name="NYCThanksgivingParade">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.<ref name="NYCThanksgivingParade" /> Other notable parades including the annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the NYC LGBT Pride March in June, the LGBT-inspired Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.
SportsEdit
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New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Major League Baseball,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the National Basketball Association,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the National Hockey League,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Major League Soccer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics<ref>New York 1984 Paralympic Summer Games, National Paralympic Heritage Trust. Accessed January 18, 2024. "The New York Games were set to run from 17th - 29th June and the Stoke Mandeville Games from 22nd July - 1st August."</ref> and the 1998 Goodwill Games.<ref>Bondy Filip. "New York City and Environs Land Goodwill Games for '98", The New York Times, October 16, 1992. Accessed January 18, 2024. "New York City, New Jersey and Long Island were awarded the 1998 Goodwill Games last night, an intriguing but risky choice by the Games' selection committee. Six years from now, the area will be called upon to play host to thousands of international athletes and fans who have every right to expect upgraded athletic facilities and a convenient ride to the arena."</ref> New York City's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics was one of five finalists, but lost out to London.<ref>Zinser, Lynn. "Olympic Committee Chooses London for 2012 Summer Games",The New York Times, July 6, 2005. Accessed January 19, 2023. "London won the 2012 Olympic Summer Games on Wednesday in a surprising upset over the front-running Paris after ardent last-minute lobbying by Prime Minister Tony Blair..... The British capitalized on a desire to hold the Games in Western Europe and surpassed four finalists, including New York, which was knocked out in the second round of voting, earlier than most expected."</ref>
The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at 41,800-seat Citi Field in Queens and the New York Yankees, who play at 47,400-seat Yankee Stadium in the Bronx.<ref>"So Many Seats, So Many Tax Breaks", The New York Times, July 11, 1028. Accessed January 18, 2024. "Yankee Stadium Location: Bronx Year Opened: 2009 Seats: 47,422. The stadium cost more than $2.3 billion to build.... Citi Field Location: Queens; Year Opened: 2009; Seats: 41,800. The project cost about $830.6 million with $134.91 million coming from the New York Mets, and $614.3 million in public money and tax breaks."</ref> The two rivals compete in six games of interleague play every regular season, called the Subway Series.<ref>Lupica, Mike. "Subway Series still as intriguing a ticket as there is in town", MLB.com, June 12, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2024. "You certainly know what it was like at the old Stadium and Shea, where the Mets and Yankees played a real Subway Series in 2000. Four games this time. Two at Citi. Two at the Stadium next month."</ref> The Yankees have won an MLB-record 27 championships,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the Mets have won the World Series twice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is one Minor League Baseball team in the city, the Mets-affiliated Brooklyn Cyclones,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the city gained a club in the independent Atlantic League when the Staten Island FerryHawks began play in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city's National Basketball Association teams are the New York Knicks, who play at Madison Square Garden, and the Brooklyn Nets, who play at the Barclays Center. The New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Long Island, play in UBS Arena in Elmont, New York, but played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey.
New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Sports Illustrated Stadium in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NJ/NY Gotham FC in the National Women's Soccer League plays their home games in Sports Illustrated Stadium. Brooklyn FC is a professional soccer club based in that borough, fielding a women's team in the first-division USL Super League starting in 2024 and a men's team in the second-division USL Championship in 2025.<ref name="shared">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York was a host city for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, with matches being played at Giants Stadium in neighboring East Rutherford, New Jersey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York City will be one of eleven host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with the final set to be played at MetLife Stadium.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Mayor Adams and Governor Murphy Celebrate New York New Jersey Selection as Host for Biggest Sporting Event in World History: FIFA World Cup 26 Final", Mayor of New York City Eric Adams, February 4, 2024. Accessed February 14, 2024. "New York City Mayor Eric Adams and New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy celebrated today's announcement that the Host Region of New York New Jersey (NYNJ) was awarded the rights to host the FIFA World Cup 26™ Final and seven other matches throughout the tournament at New York New Jersey Stadium (MetLife Stadium) in East Rutherford, New Jersey.... Consistent with stadiums in other Host Cities, MetLife Stadium will adopt a new venue name for FIFA World Cup 26, New York New Jersey Stadium."</ref>
The annual US Open is one of four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,402 finishers in 2023, who came from all 50 states and 148 nations.<ref>Butler, Sarah Lorge. "New York City Was the World's Largest Marathon in 2023", Runner's World, November 7, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "If you were one of the 51,933 people who started the New York City Marathon on November 5, chances are very high that you also finished it. According to New York Road Runners, 51,402 runners finished the marathon, a 98.9 percent completion rate.... They hailed from all 50 states and 148 countries."</ref> The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet held at the Fort Washington Avenue Armory, whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile.<ref>Metzler, Brian. "The Famous Millrose Games Delivers Speed, Records, and the Wanamaker Mile", Outside, February 13, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "With his dominating performance in the Wanamaker Mile, Nuguse might have signaled a new era in the classic imperial distance — the quest for the world's first sub-3:47 mile on an indoor track.... In the final race of the 115th Millrose Games at The Armory Track & Field Center, Nuguse made it look relatively easy."</ref> Boxing is a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the New York Golden Gloves held at Madison Square Garden each year.<ref>"Daily News Golden Gloves amateur boxing tournament may return in 2022", New York Daily News, December 13, 2021. Accessed July 17, 2024. "Created by Daily News sports columnist Paul Gallico, the city's inaugural Golden Gloves was held in 1927 at Madison Square Garden and its ensuing popularity led to a wave of similar tournaments across the country."</ref>
Human resourcesEdit
EducationEdit
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New York City has the largest educational system of any city.<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld" /> The city's educational infrastructure spans primary education, secondary education, higher education, and research. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in approximately 1,800 separate primary and secondary schools, including charter schools, as of 2017–2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The New York Public Library (NYPL) has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.<ref name="libraryspot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot" />
More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone Template:As of.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The public CUNY system comprises 25 institutions across all five boroughs. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system's campuses in New York City include SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Fashion Institute of Technology, SUNY Maritime College, and SUNY College of Optometry. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Adelphi University, Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, Mercy University, Cornell Tech and Yeshiva University; several of these are ranked among the top universities in the world,<ref name="ARWU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CWUR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like Princeton University and Yale University remain in the New York metropolitan area.
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first by share of published articles in life sciences.<ref name="NYCLifeSciencesCapital">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions Template:As of.<ref name="NYC science institutions">Template:Cite press release</ref>
HealthEdit
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New York City is a center for healthcare and medical training, with employment of over 750,000 in the city's health care sector.<ref>"Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation", Governor of New York Kathy Hochul, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's health care sector employs over 750,000 New Yorkers, and the metropolitan area's life sciences sector is a rapidly growing industry with nearly 150,000 additional jobs last year."</ref><ref>Healthcare, New York City Economic Development Corporation. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City is home to the largest public healthcare system in the US, world-class private medical centers, and a robust, cutting-edge R&D landscape."</ref> Private hospitals in New York City include the Hospital for Special Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, and NYU Langone Health.<ref>"Top 25 New York hospitals by net patient revenue", Definitive Healthcare, June 6, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> Medical schools include SUNY Downstate College of Medicine in Brooklyn, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, and CUNY School of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Cornell Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and New York University School of Medicine in Manhattan.<ref>New York Medical Schools, New York ACEP. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref>
NYC Health + Hospitals (HHC) is a public-benefit corporation established in 1969 which operates the city's public hospitals and a network of outpatient clinics.<ref>Health + Hospitals NYC, (NYC H+H), New York City Green Book. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Description: A public benefit Corporation created by State Legislature, July 1, 1969, to operate the City's municipal hospitals. Operates facilities in all five boroughs, providing general, chronic, ambulatory and skilled nursing care and a wide variety of specialized patient care services. All employees are public employees."</ref><ref>Chapter1016 New York City health and hospitals corporation act 1016/69, New York State Senate. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> Template:As of, HHC is the largest American municipal healthcare system with $10.9 billion in annual revenues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> HHC serves 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.<ref name="HHC1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> HHC operates eleven acute-care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents.<ref>Frequently Asked Questions, NYC Health + Hospitals. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Where are your facilities located? NYC Health + Hospitals includes 11 acute care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six large diagnostic and treatment centers and more than 70 community-based clinics. These facilities are within seven geographically based networks throughout the New York City metropolitan area."</ref><ref>Miller, Kenneth. The Public Option, Columbia University School of Nursing, November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs."</ref> HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.<ref>MetroPlus Health Plan: COVID-19 Enrollment Trends, New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)."</ref>
HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages.<ref name="HHC2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The best-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736.<ref>Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M. "Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America", World Neurosurgery, August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution."</ref> Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president and other world leaders should they require care while in New York City.<ref name="Funding Universe Web Site">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003.<ref>Roberts, Sam. "Colin McCord, Who Helped Impose a Smoking Ban, Dies at 94", The New York Times, April 7, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Dr. McCord successfully lobbied for a ban on smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars while he was an assistant health commissioner in Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's administration. The ban, which took effect in 2003, was later expanded and replicated in jurisdictions around the world. New York had banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, but the city continued to allow smoking in bars and the bar areas of restaurants."</ref> Pharmacies are banned from selling smoked and vaped products in New York State.<ref name="NoTobaccoNYPharmacies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City enforces a right-to-shelter law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food.<ref name="NYCRightToShelter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result, while New York has the highest total homeless population of American cities, only 5% were unsheltered by the city, representing a significantly lower percentage of outdoor homelessness than in other cities.<ref name="MostNYCHomelessAreSheltered">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people sleeping nightly in the shelter system.<ref>Basic Facts About Homelessness: New York City, Coalition for the Homeless, updated December 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. 'In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In November 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people, including 33,365 homeless children, sleeping each night in New York City's main municipal shelter system. A total of 23,945 single adults slept in shelters each night in November 2023."</ref>
Public safetyEdit
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The New York Police Department (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers.<ref>Kershner, Ellen. "The Largest Police Departments In The US", WorldAtlas, August 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Established in 1845, The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is one of the most well-known law enforcement agencies in the world. As the largest in the United States, it currently has about 36,008 full-time active officers and 19,000 civilian employees. This is almost three times as many as the country's second-largest police department in Chicago."</ref> Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.<ref>Williams, Keith. "We Know They're New York's Finest. But Why?", The New York Times, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889."</ref>
The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.<ref name="Prager">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<ref name="Law">Template:Cite journal</ref> The NYPD's stop-and-frisk program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirect racial profiling" of Black and Mixed residents,<ref>Goldstein, Joseph. 'Judge Rejects New York's Stop-and-Frisk Policy", The New York Times, August 12, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2024. "But the judge, Shira A. Scheindlin, found that the Police Department resorted to a 'policy of indirect racial profiling' as it increased the number of stops in minority communities. That has led to officers' routinely stopping 'blacks and Hispanics who would not have been stopped if they were white.'"</ref> although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years.<ref>Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy. "NYPD safety team making high number of unlawful stops, mostly people of color: Report", ABC News, June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling."</ref> The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.<ref>Ehrenfreund, Max. "Donald Trump claims New York's stop-and-frisk policy reduced crime. The data disagree.", The Washington Post, September 22, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1990, there were nearly 31 homicides in the city for every 100,000 people — more than the average for other major American cities even in a year of frequent violence across the country. A decade later, that figure had declined by nearly 75 percent, to 8.4 homicides per 100,000 people. As New York police abruptly moved away from the practice of stop-and-frisk toward the end of Kelly's tenure in 2013, the rate of homicide continued to decline as it had previously."</ref><ref>Badger, Emily. "The Lasting Effects of Stop-and-Frisk in Bloomberg's New York", The New York Times, March 2, 2020, updated November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In the years since Michael Bloomberg left the mayor's office in New York, the legacy of stop-and-frisk policing widely used during his administration has become clearer. Crime in the city continued to decline, suggesting that the aggressive use of police stops wasn't so essential to New York's safety after all."</ref>
The city set a record high of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018.<ref>Kanno-Youngs, Zolan. "New York City's Murder Rate Hit New Low in 2018", The Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The New York Police Department recorded 289 murders in 2018, three fewer than the 292 recorded in 2017. Mayor Bill de Blasio said it was the fewest number of homicides in nearly 70 years. Overall, major crime in the city fell by 1.3% from 97,089 to 95,844, police said. There were 2,245 people murdered in New York City in 1990."</ref> The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951.<ref>"Fewest Annual Murders and Shooting Incidents Ever Recorded in the Modern Era; Lowest per-capita murder rate since 1951", New York City Police Department, press release dated January 5, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2024. "With the close of 2017, New York City marks three new crime reduction benchmarks: the first time the total number of index crimes has fallen below 100,000; the first time the number of shooting incidents has fallen below 800; and the first time the total number of murders has fallen below 300. This reduction in murders has resulted in the lowest per-capita murder rate in nearly 70 years."</ref> New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year.<ref>Cramer, Maria; Meko, Hurubie; and Marcius, Chelsia Rose. "Homicides and Shootings Fell in New York City as Felony Assaults Rose", The New York Times, January 3, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "There were 386 homicides in 2023, a 12 percent drop from 2022."</ref><ref>"NYPD Announces December 2023, End-of-Year Citywide Crime Statistics", New York City Police Department, press release dated January 4, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Murders – which rose for four consecutive years before the current administration was installed – fell by 11.9% (386 vs. 438) in 2023 compared to 2022, and by 33.3% (24 vs. 36) in December 2023, compared to the same month a year prior."</ref> New York City had one of the lowest homicide rates among the ten largest U.S. cities at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021.<ref>"Gun Violence in New York City; The Data", Vital City. Accessed January 17, 2024.</ref>
New York City has stricter gun laws than most other cities in the United States—a license to own any firearm is required, and the NY SAFE Act of 2013 banned assault weapons. New York State had the fifth-lowest gun death rate of the states in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the Tongs in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services. FDNY faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, the FDNY responds to fires that occur in the New York City Subway.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the FDNY Fire Academy is on Randalls Island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TransportationEdit
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Rapid transitEdit
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the country, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.<ref name="MTAinfo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BusesEdit
New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022, MTA New York City Transit's buses served 483.5 million trips, while MTA Regional Bus Operations handled 100.3 million trips.<ref>Public Transportation Ridership Report: Fourth Quarter 2022, American Public Transportation Association, March 1, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024.</ref>
The Port Authority Bus Terminal is the city's main intercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.<ref name="PABT2008">Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, dated November 17, 2008. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The Port Authority Bus Terminal opened in 1950 and has become the busiest bus passenger facility in the world, handling 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters each day. It includes 223 bus gates, retail and commercial space, and public parking for 1,250 vehicles."</ref><ref name="NYT2021">McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie. "'Notorious' Port Authority Bus Terminal May Get a $10 Billion Overhaul", The New York Times, January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day."</ref><ref name="Record2021">Wilson, Colleen. "Port Authority Bus Terminal was once a marvel. Will the next one meet commuters' needs?", The Record, June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey."</ref> In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.<ref>Hill, John. "Renderings of New Midtown Bus Terminal Revealed", World Architects, February 5, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2024. "Not surprisingly, the two renderings included in last week's announcement show the main terminal and are accompanied by photos of the existing to depict a dramatic departure from the current situation. Compare the existing intersection of 8th Avenue and 41st Street (below) with a rendering of the same (above), in which a portion of 41st Street would be closed to create an 'iconic' atrium entrance."</ref><ref>McGeehan, Patrick. "A Look at the $10 Billion Design for a New Port Authority Bus Terminal The Port Authority unveiled a revised design for a replacement of the much-reviled transit hub, which opened in 1950.", The New York Times, February 1, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "Instead of the dismal, brick hulk that has darkened two full blocks of Midtown Manhattan for more than 70 years, there would be a bright, modern transit hub topped by two office towers.... Construction is expected to take eight years, he said, meaning the project could be completed by 2032."</ref>
RailEdit
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The New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with Template:NYCS const, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to most subway systems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York City Subway is the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere,<ref name="Railway Technology 2014 m729">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with 1.70 billion passenger rides in 2019.<ref name="MTA p768">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.<ref name="2001summary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6Template:Nbsphours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> New York is the only American city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and New York Penn Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The elevated AirTrain JFK in Queens connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road.<ref>Public Transportation, John F. Kennedy International Airport. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> For inter-city rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day, with access to Manhattan from the St. George Terminal via the Staten Island Ferry.<ref>Staten Island Railway Timetable, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, effective January 2020. Accessed January 15, 2024. "MTA Staten Island Railway – service runs 24 hours a day between the St George and Tottenville terminals. At the St George terminal, customers can make connections with Staten Island Ferry service to Manhattan."</ref> The PATH train links Midtown and Lower Manhattan with Hoboken Terminal and Newark Penn Station in New Jersey, and then those stations with the World Trade Center Oculus across the Hudson River.<ref>PATH Schedules and Maps, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day, meaning three of the five American rapid transit systems which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York.<ref>Cohn, Emily. "Say what you want about the NYC subway — there's one thing that makes it much better than most other subways in the world", Business Insider, August 28, 2017. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only five rapid transit systems in the country have 24-hour service, and three of them — the subway, the Staten Island Railway, and the PATH — all service New York City. Chicago's 'L' is only 24/7 on some of its lines."</ref> Grand Central Terminal is the world's largest train station by number of rail platforms and acres occupied.<ref name="GrandCentralLargestTrainStationWorld">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
AirEdit
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New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area are John F. Kennedy International Airport (with 55.3 million passengers), Newark Liberty International Airport (43.6 million) and LaGuardia Airport (29.0 million); 127.9 million travelers used these three airports in 2022.<ref>2022 Air Traffic Report, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, April 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth-busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2023.<ref>U.S. InternationalAir Passenger and Freight Statistics June 2023, United States Department of Transportation, released November 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "The top five domestic scheduled passenger gateway airports for the year-ended June 2023 were New York, NY (JFK), Miami, FL (MIA), Los Angeles, CA (LAX), New York, NY (EWR), and Chicago, IL (ORD)."</ref> Template:As of, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Described in 2014 by then-Vice President Joe Biden as the kind of airport travelers would see in "some third world country", LaGuardia Airport has undergone an $8 billion project with federal and state support that has replaced its aging facilities with modern terminals and roadways.<ref>Reed, Ted. "In a Queens Miracle, New York LaGuardia Airport Goes From Loser to Winner", Airline Weekly, March 21, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2023. "Throughout a troubled 2022, the pandemic exposed many fragilities in a troubled United States airline industry, but it also enabled a widely recognized miracle in the $8 billion resurrection of New York LaGuardia Airport. Once widely viewed as a hellhole, LaGuardia was transformed.... Transformation involved rebuilding two terminals, each costing about $4 billion, as well as about five miles of roadway. Terminal B has 35 gates, occupied by American and four other airlines. Work began in 2016 and was completed on July 8, 2022, the exact day specified in a bond offering six years earlier. Terminal C, occupied and financed by Delta Air Lines, will have 37 gates. Work began in 2017 and is largely finished, with completion by the end of the year."</ref><ref>McGeehan, Patrick. "La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say", The New York Times, July 27, 2015. Accessed January 15, 2024. "He said he took it personally when, in February 2014, Mr. Biden likened La Guardia to something a traveler might find 'in a third world country.'"</ref><ref>via Associated Press. "Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'", The New York Times, February 6, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Vice President Joseph R. Biden says La Guardia Airport in New York could use some major improvements — and that is putting it mildly. Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to La Guardia, the person would think he was in 'some third world country.'"</ref><ref>The Project, A Whole New LGA. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The $8 billion project, two-thirds of which is funded through private financing and existing passenger fees, broke ground in 2016."</ref> Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport, near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton–Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport.
Ferries, taxis and tramsEdit
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The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a Template:Convert route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nycgov-official">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Identified by their color and taxi medallion, the city's 13,587 yellow taxicabs are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city.<ref>Yellow Cab, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Taxicabs are the only vehicles that have the right to pick up street-hailing and prearranged passengers anywhere in New York City. By law, there are 13,587 taxis in New York City and each taxi must have a medallion affixed to it."</ref> Apple green-colored boro taxis can pick up street hails in Upper Manhattan and the four outer boroughs.<ref>Green Cab, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Street-hail Liveries, also known as green cabs, are For-Hire Vehicles that are permitted to accept street-hails. In exchange, Street-Hail Liveries may not operate in the Hail Exclusionary Zone, south of West 110th St and East 96th St."</ref> Long dominated by yellow taxis, high-volume for-hire vehicles from Uber and Lyft have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5 million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire combined for 20.3 million trips, while 3.5 million trips were in yellow taxis.<ref>TLC Factbook, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, updated December 18, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024.</ref><ref>"Mayor Adams, TLC Announce new Rules to Require City's Rideshare Vehicles to be Zero-Emission, Wheelchair Accessible by 2030", Mayor of New York City Eric Adams, August 16, 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Both Uber and Lyft, which together comprise New York City's high-volume for-hire fleet of approximately 78,000 vehicles, have committed to transitioning to a greener fleet by 2030."</ref>
The Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that began operation in 1976,<ref>History, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The original Roosevelt Island aerial tramway - the first tram in the country to be used for urban transportation – was opened in May 1976."</ref> transports 2 million passengers per year the Template:Convert between Roosevelt Island and 59th Street and Second Avenue on Manhattan Island.<ref>Aerial Tramway Vital Statistics, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The Tram travels between the Manhattan station at 2nd Avenue between 59th and 60th streets and the Tram station on Roosevelt Island. It travels a distance of 3,140 feet at a speed of up to 17 miles per hour in less than three (3) minutes. It rises to a maximum height of 230 feet and can carry a maximum of 109 passengers plus an attendant per cabin. The system annually transports more than two million passengers."</ref>
Cycling networkEdit
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New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; recreational cycling clubs; and an increasing number of commuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, both nearly doubling over the previous decade.<ref name="NYCcycling" /> Template:As of, New York City had Template:Convert of bike lanes, including Template:Convert of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.<ref name="NYCcycling">Cycling in the City, New York City Department of Transportation. Accessed January 14, 2024. "1,525 lane miles of bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022; 644 lane miles of protected bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022"</ref>
Streets and highwaysEdit
Streets are also a defining feature of the city. New York has been found to lead the world in urban automobile traffic congestion.<ref name="NYCCongestion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in dense traffic congestion that is a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Congestion pricing in New York City was activated in January 2025, applying to most motor vehicular traffic using the area of Manhattan south of 60th Street, in an effort to encourage commuters to use rapid transit instead.<ref name=ManhattanCongestionPricing>Template:Cite news</ref> Unlike the rest of the country, New York State prohibits turns on red lights in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bridges and tunnelsEdit
The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to the outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-lane George Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<ref name="gwbridge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="gwbridgepainters">Template:Cite news</ref> The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanning the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.<ref name="infoplease.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Verrazano-Narrows Bridge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Brooklyn Bridge, with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903.<ref>"Today in History – June 12: Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge", Library of Congress. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling's last and greatest achievement, spans New York's East River to connect Manhattan with Brooklyn. When completed in 1883, the bridge, with its massive stone towers and a main span of 1,595.5 feet between them, was by far the longest suspension bridge in the world."</ref><ref>"Williamsburg Bridge", American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. "When opened in 1903, the 1,600 foot long main span of the Williamsburg Bridge was the world's longest suspension span, surpassing the nearby Brooklyn Bridge by only 4.5 feet."</ref> The Queensboro Bridge "was the longest cantilever span in North America" from 1909 to 1917.<ref>"Queensboro Bridge", American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Queensboro Bridge was the longest cantilever span in North America (1,182 feet) from 1909 until the Quebec Bridge opened in 1917 and the longest in the United States until 1930."</ref> The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century.<ref>"Manhattan Bridge", American Society of Civil Engineers Metropolitan Section. Accessed July 30, 2023. "As the first suspension bridge to use the deflection theory, it is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges and served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges built in the first half of the twentieth century."</ref> The Throgs Neck Bridge and Whitestone Bridge connect Queens and the Bronx, while the Triborough Bridge connects Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.
The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.<ref>"Holland Tunnel (I-78)". Nycroads.com. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneath Battery Park, connecting the Financial District, Manhattan, to Red Hook, Brooklyn.<ref>Hugh L. Carey Tunnel, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, updated July 10, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "When the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel) opened in 1950, it was the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America. It still is.... On the Brooklyn side is the community of South Brooklyn, comprising the Red Hook, Columbia Terrace, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, and Boerum Hill districts.... The Manhattan end of the tunnel leads to the Wall Street area, the South Street Seaport, City Hall/Civic Center, Battery Park City, the World Trade Center site, and the World Financial Center."</ref>
Government and politicsEdit
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GovernmentEdit
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New York City is a metropolitan municipality with a strong mayor–council form of government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.
The City Council is a unicameral body of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a two consecutive-term limit,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (reset after a four-year break). The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and The City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.
New York City is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different U.S. district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx;<ref>Welcome, District Court for the Southern District of New York. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York encompasses the counties of New York, Bronx, Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan and draws jurors from those counties."</ref> and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.<ref>Home Page, District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The district comprises the counties of Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk and concurrently with the Southern District, the waters within the counties of Bronx and New York."</ref> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and U.S. Court of International Trade are also based on Foley Square.<ref>About the Court, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The Second Circuit Court of Appeals sits in New York City at the Thurgood Marshall U.S. Courthouse in lower Manhattan."</ref><ref>Court Address & Directory, U.S. Court of International Trade. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>
PoliticsEdit
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The city's mayor is Eric Adams, a Democrat who was elected in 2021.<ref>"New York City Mayor", CNN. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% are Republicans.<ref>NYSVoter Enrollment by County, Party Affiliation and Status Voters Registered as of November 01, 2023 Template:Webarchive, New York State Board of Elections, November 1, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since 1924, and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 of New York's 26 congressional districts include portions of New York City.<ref>Boschma, Janie; Rigdon, Renée; Manley, Byron; and Cohen, Ethan. "Redistricting in New York", CNN, November 8, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>
New York City is a significant source of political fundraising.<ref>Lincoln, Taylor. The Wells of the Congress, Public Citizen, January 18, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Eight of the 10 zip codes giving the most in maxed-out contributions are located in New York City and, specifically, in Manhattan."</ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state than the city received in return.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
International relationsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 2006, the sister city program<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was restructured as New York City Global Partners. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.<ref name="GlobalOutreach">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Notable peopleEdit
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See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 410 for list.
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External linksEdit
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- NYC Go – official tourism website
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- Collections – 145,000 NYC photographs at the Museum of the City of New York
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