Prince-bishop

File:Johann Otto von Gemmingen.jpg

Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg (1591–1598)

Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals. Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French president.<ref name="andorramania.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Royal Central">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Overview

In the West, with the decline of imperial power from the 4th century onwards in the face of the barbarian invasions, sometimes Christian bishops of cities took the place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and the burghers were invariably not cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops. The principality or prince-bishopric (Hochstift) ruled politically by a prince-bishop could wholly or largely have overlapped with his diocesan jurisdiction, but some parts of his diocese, even the city of his residence, could have been exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status of free imperial city. If the episcopal see was an archbishopric, the correct term was prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy was prince-abbot. A prince-bishop was usually considered an elected monarch. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the Confederation of the Rhine. However, in respect to the lands of the former Holy Roman Empire outside of French control, such as the Habsburg Monarchy, including Austria proper (Salzburg, Seckau), the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (the bulk of Olomouc and parts of Breslau), as well as in respect to the parts of the 1795-partitioned Polish state, including those forming part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria or those acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia, the position continued in some cases nominally and was sometimes transformed into a new, titular type, initially recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary until their demise, with the title ultimately abolished altogether by the pope in 1951.

The sole exception is the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, but remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French head of state (currently its President), and thus the last extant prince-bishop.<ref name="andorramania.com"/><ref name="Royal Central"/>

In the Byzantine Empire, the still autocratic Emperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in the secular administration of their dioceses, possibly as part of a development to put the Eastern Church in the service of the EmpireTemplate:Citation needed, with its Ecumenical Patriarch almost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs.Template:Citation needed. The institution of prince-bishop was revived in the Orthodox Church in the modern times during the existence of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro.

History

Holy Roman Empire

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File:05 CoA Prince-Bishop 02 - mantle no scroll.png

Arms of a Prince-Bishop with components from both princely and ecclesiastical heraldry.

File:HRE Dioceses Prince-Bishoprics, c. 1780.jpg

Ecclesiastical lands in the Holy Roman Empire, 1780

Bishops had been involved in the government of the Frankish realm and subsequent Carolingian Empire frequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see. Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmented Holy Roman Empire, where many were formally awarded the rank of an Imperial Prince {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, granting them the immediate power over a certain territory and a representation in the Imperial Diet ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).

The stem duchies of the German Kingdom inside the Empire had strong and powerful dukes (originally, war-rulers), always looking out more for their duchy's "national interest" than for the Empire's. In turn the first Ottonian (Saxon) king Henry the Fowler and more so his son, Emperor Otto I, intended to weaken the power of the dukes by granting loyal bishops Imperial lands and vest them with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} privileges. Unlike dukes they could not pass hereditary titles and lands to any descendants. Instead the Emperors reserved the implementation of the bishops of their proprietary church for themselves, defying the fact that according to canon law they were part of the transnational Catholic Church. This met with increasing opposition by the Popes, culminating in the fierce Investiture Controversy of 1076. Nevertheless, the Emperors continued to grant major territories to the most important (arch)bishops. The immediate territory attached to the episcopal see then became a prince-diocese or (arch)bishopric ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}</ref> The German term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling a prince-bishopric with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} being used for prince-archbishoprics.

Emperor Charles IV by the Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the privileged status of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Mainz, Cologne and Trier as members of the electoral college. At the eve of the Protestant Reformation, the Imperial states comprised 53 ecclesiastical principalities. They were finally secularized in the 1803 German Mediatization upon the territorial losses to France in the Treaty of Lunéville, except for the Mainz prince-archbishop and German archchancellor Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, who continued to rule as Prince of Aschaffenburg and Regensburg. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the successor Confederation of the Rhine.

No less than three of the (originally only seven) prince-electors, the highest order of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (comparable in rank with the French pairs), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of Archchancellor (the only arch-office amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("electoral principality") rather than prince-archbishopric.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Imperial immediacy	Imperial Circle	Modern nation	Notes
File:Wappen Bistum Augsburg.png	Augsburg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	Template:Circa–1803	Swabian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Augsburg became a Free Imperial City in 1276.
File:Wappen Bamberg bis.svg	Bamberg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1245–1802	Franconian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Basel.png	Basel	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1032–1803	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}} {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} {{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	Basel joined the Old Swiss Confederacy as the Canton of Basel in 1501. Secularized as a result of Swiss Mediation. A tiny fraction of the bishopric is not now in Switzerland: Schliengen and Istein are both now in Germany; a very small part of the Vogtei of St Ursanne is now in France.
File:Wappen Bistum Brandenburg.png	Brandenburg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	Template:Circa–1598	Upper Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-established Template:Circa. Continued by Lutheran administrators after the Reformation in 1520; secularized and incorporated into the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1571.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Bremen.png	Bremen	Archbishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Continued by Lutheran administrators from the Reformation in 1566 until 1645/1648. Bremen itself became autonomous in 1186, and was confirmed as a Free Imperial City in 1646.
File:Wappen Bistum Breslau.png File:POL księstwo nyskie COA.svg	Breslau (Duchy of Nysa)	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	fief of the Bohemian crown, after 1748 also of the Kingdom of Prussia	None	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}} {{#invoke:flag	Czech Republic}} (temporal and diocesan territory) {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} (diocesan territory only)	Ceded 1335/1348 by Poland. After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part). The princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930
File:Wappen Bistum Brixen.png	Brixen	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1027–1803	Austrian	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	secularized to Tyrol
File:CoA Cambrai Diocese.svg	Cambrai	Bishopric, then archbishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1007–1678	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	To France by 1678 Peace of Nijmegen
File:Wappen Bistum Chur.png	Chur	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	831/1170–1526	Austrian	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}} {{#invoke:flag	Liechtenstein}}	Secularized 1803 as a result of Swiss Mediation.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Köln.png	Cologne	Archbishopric electorate	Template:Langx	953–1803	Electoral Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Italy. Duke of Westphalia from 1180. Cologne became a Free Imperial City in 1288.
File:Wappen Bistum Konstanz.png	Constance	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1155–1803	Swabian	{{#invoke:flag	Austria}} {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} {{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	Greatly reduced during the Reformation, when significant parts of Swabia and Switzerland became Protestant.
File:Wappen Bistum Eichstätt.png	Eichstätt	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1305–1802	Franconian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Freising.png	Freising	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1294–1802	Bavarian	{{#invoke:flag	Austria}} {{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Fulda.png	Fulda	Abbey, then bishopric	Template:Langx	1220–1802	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Imperial Abbey until 5 October 1752, when it was raised to a bishopric. Secularized in 1802 in the German Mediatization
File:Wappen Genf matt.svg	Geneva	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1154-1526	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}} {{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} since 1154. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} dominated by their guardians, the counts of Geneva (until 1400) and Savoy (from 1401). Geneva joined the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1526.
File:Wappen Bistum Halberstadt.png	Halberstadt	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Havelberg.png	Havelberg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1151–1598	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-established 1130. Continued by Lutheran administrators from Reformation in 1548 until 1598
File:Wappen Bistum Hildesheim.png	Hildesheim	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1235–1803	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Lausanne.png	Lausanne	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1270–1536	None	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	Conquered by the Swiss city canton of Bern in 1536.
File:Wappen Bistum Lebus.png	Lebus	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1248/1454/1506–1598	None	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}} {{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372–1454 fief of the Bohemian crown, seated in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from 1385; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ostensibly from 1248, but challenged by Brandenburg. Continued by Hohenzollern Lutheran administrators from Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
File:Wappen Bistum Lüttich.png	Liège	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	980–1789/1795	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Belgium}} {{#invoke:flag	Netherlands}}
File:Wappen Bistum Lübeck.png	Lübeck	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1803	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Seated in Eutin from the 1270s; Reformation started in 1535, continued by Lutheran administrators from 1586 until secularization in 1803. Lübeck became a Free Imperial City in 1226.
File:Chapitre de Lyon simple.png	Lyon	Archbishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1157-1312	None	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Seated in Lyon; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} confirmed by Frederick Barbarossa in 1157. Annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1312.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Magdeburg.png	Magdeburg	Archbishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1680	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Continued by Lutheran administrators between 1566 and 1631, and again from 1638 until 1680.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Mainz.png	Mainz	Archbishopric electorate	Template:Langx	Template:Circa–1803	Electoral Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Germany.
File:Wappen Bistum Merseburg.png	Merseburg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1004–1565	None	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Administered by the Lutheran Electorate of Saxony between 1544 and 1565.
File:Blason fr Bishop of Metz.svg	Metz	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	10th century–1552	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord.
File:Wappen Bistum Minden.png	Minden	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1648	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Münster.png	Münster	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz.png	Naumburg	Bishopric	Template:Langx			{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Under guardianship of Meissen from 1259. Administered by Saxony from 1564.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Olmütz.png	Olomouc	Bishopric, then archbishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	fief of the Bohemian Crown, after 1742 also of the Kingdom of Prussia	None	{{#invoke:flag	Czech Republic}} {{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	The Czech bishopric (later Metropolitan) of Olomouc, as a fief of the Bohemian Crown, was the peer of the Margraviate of Moravia, and from 1365 its prince-bishop was 'Count of the Bohemian Chapel', i.e., first court chaplain, who was to accompany the monarch on his frequent travels. Secularized in 1803, but the princely title continued. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
File:Wappen Bistum Osnabrück.png	Osnabrück	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1225/1236–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Alternated between Catholic and Protestant incumbents after the Thirty Years' War; secularized in 1802/1803
File:Wappen Bistum Paderborn.png	Paderborn	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1281–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
File:Wappen Bistum Passau.png	Passau	Bishopric	Template:Langx	999–1803	Bavarian	{{#invoke:flag	Austria}} {{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Princely title was confirmed at Nuremberg in 1217.
File:Wappen Bistum Ratzeburg.png	Ratzeburg	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1236–1648	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Ruled by Lutheran administrators between 1554 and 1648.
File:Wappen Bistum Regensburg.png	Regensburg	Bishopric, then archbishopric electorate	Template:Langx	1132?–1803	Bavarian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Regensburg became a Free Imperial City in 1245.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Salzburg.png	Salzburg	Archbishopric electorate	Template:Langx	1278–1803	Bavarian	{{#invoke:flag	Austria}}	Raised to an electorate in 1803, but simultaneously secularized; see Electorate of Salzburg. Since 1648, the archbishop has also borne the title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, First [Bishop] of Germania, which used to include the right to preside over the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
File:Wappen Bistum Schwerin.png	Schwerin	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Ruled by an administrator between 1516 and 1648.
File:Wappen Bistum Speyer.png	Speyer	Bishopric	Template:Langx	888–1803	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697. Speyer became a Free Imperial City in 1294.
File:Wappen Bistum Straßburg.png	Strasbourg	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	982–1803	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}} {{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697.
File:Blason ville fr Moûtiers (Savoie).svg	Tarentaise	Archbishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	1186-1769	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	lang}} from 1186. De facto dominated by their guardians Savoy (from 1271). Secularized and annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia 1769.<ref name="Borrel">Template:Cite journal</ref>
File:Blason Vicherey 88.svg	Toul	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	10th century – 1552	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, confirmed in 1648.
File:Wappen Bistum Trient.png	Trent	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	1027–1803	Austrian	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	Secularized to Tyrol in 1803.
File:Wappen Erzbistum Trier.png	Trier	Archbishopric electorate	Template:Langx Template:Langx	772–1803	Electoral Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Burgundy.
File:Wappen Bistum Utrecht.png	Utrecht	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1024–1528	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Netherlands}}	Sold to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1528, after which it was moved to the Burgundian Circle. Founding member of the Dutch Republic in 1579/1581, confirmed in 1648.
File:Wappen Bistum Verden.png	Verden	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1180–1648	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation until 1645/1648, when it was continued as a secular and independent principality until its disestablishment in 1807. It became a part of the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815.
File:Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Verdun.svg	Verdun	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	10th century – 1552	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, confirmed in 1648.
File:Wappen Bistum Worms.png	Worms	Bishopric	Template:Langx	861–1801	Upper Rhenish	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Worms city rule established by Bishop Burchard (1000–25). Episcopal residence at Ladenburg from 1400. Held large estates in the former {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} region. Territories on the Left Bank of the Rhine lost by the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio; secularized at first to the French Empire, then to Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt in 1815.
File:Wappen Bistum Würzburg.png	Würzburg	Bishopric electorate	Template:Langx	1168–1803	Franconian	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Duke of Franconia

The suffragan-bishoprics of Gurk (established 1070), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1216), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1218), and Lavant (1225) sometimes used the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} title, but never held any {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} territory. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.

The Patriarchate of Aquileia<ref>Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx</ref> (1077–1433) was conquered by Venice in 1420 and officially incorporated after the 1445 Council of Florence.

In Brescia Bishop Notingus was made count of Brescia in 844.

The archbishops of Besançon had been rulers in the Middle Ages over Besançon, an Imperial city from 1307, which in 1512 joined the Burgundian Circle. In the Bishopric of Belley, Saint Anthelm of Belley was granted {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by Emperor Frederick I, but submitted temporal authorities to the Duchy of Savoy in 1401.

The Bishopric of Sion (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) was from 999 a classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority. It progressively lost its powers since the Renaissance, and was finally replaced by the Republic of the Seven Tithings in 1634.

State of the Teutonic Order

File:Teutonic Order 1466.png

Order's State in 1466: Livonian episcopal territories in violet, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in cyan

Upon the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1237, the territory of the Order's State largely corresponded with the Diocese of Riga. Bishop Albert of Riga in 1207 had received the lands of Livonia as an Imperial fief from the hands of German king Philip of Swabia, he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest of Pope Innocent III the Terra Mariana confederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to the Livonian Order. Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and Emperor Frederick II: in 1225 he reached the acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though the Roman Curia insisted on the fact that the Christianized Baltic territories were solely under the suzerainty of the Holy See. By the 1234 Bull of Rieti, Pope Gregory IX stated that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of any conveyancing by the Emperor.

Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of the autonomous Riga prince-bishop and the Teutonic Knights led to a lengthy friction. Around 1245 the Papal legate William of Modena reached a compromise: though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the princely title by the Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the original Prussian lands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics of Culm, Pomesania, Samland and Warmia. From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the princely title by Emperor Charles IV in 1356.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Territory	Modern nation	Notes
File:Herb diecezji kurlandzkiej.svg	Courland	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	Terra Mariana	{{#invoke:flag	Latvia}}	Established about 1234, the smallest of the Livonian dioceses. Secularized in 1559 and occupied by Prince Magnus of Denmark. From 1585 under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, part of the Duchy of Livonia.
File:Biskupstwo Dorpatu COA.svg	Dorpat	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	Terra Mariana	{{#invoke:flag	Estonia}}	Bishop Hermann, appointed by his brother Bishop Albert of Riga, received the title of a prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany in 1225. Dorpat (Template:Langx) remained a suffragan diocese of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1558.
File:Herb diecezji Ozylii.svg	Ösel-Wiek	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	Terra Mariana	{{#invoke:flag	Estonia}}	Established on Saaremaa island in 1228 under Bishop Gottfried, appointed by Bishop Albert of Riga, vested with the title of a prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany. It remained a suffragan diocese of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1559.
File:Rigasiebmacher new.png	Riga	Archbishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	Terra Mariana	{{#invoke:flag	Latvia}}	Episcopal see at Üxküll 1186–1202. In 1225 Albert of Riga received the title of a Prince-bishop of Livonia by Emperor Frederick II. Last Archbishop William of Brandenburg resigned in 1561 during the Livonian War, territory fell to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Sweden in 1621.
File:Wappen Bistum Ermland.png	Warmia	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	Prussia	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}} (temporal and diocesan territory) Template:LIT {{#invoke:flag	}} (diocesan territory only)	Established by Papal legate William of Modena in 1243, princely title documented in the Golden Bull of 1356. Incorporated into the Jagiellon kingdom of Poland in 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under the Polish crown in 1479 (see below).

Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Three bishoprics were initially parts of the Kingdom of Poland and its offshoots before being subsequently incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, namely the bishoprics of Wolin/Kamień (Wollin/Cammin) (1140-1181), Lubusz (Lebus) (1125-1372) and Wrocław (Breslau) (1201-1335/1348), with the latter two of them continuing, however, as suffragan to the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno for many years later (until 1424 in the case of Lebus and until 1821 in the case of Breslau). On the other hand, the Prince Bishopric of Warmia was obtained by Poland following the Second Peace of Thorn.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)]	Years under Polish crown or offshoots	Modern nation	Notes
File:Wappen Bistum Kammin.png	Wolin/Kamień	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1140-1181	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}} (temporal and diocesan territory) {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} (diocesan territory only)	lang}} obtained 1248 from and lost 1544 again to Duchy of Pomerania. Secularized in 1650, to Brandenburg Province of Pomerania
File:Aaron (Gloger).jpg File:Księstwo siewierskie COA.svg	Kraków (Duchy of Siewierz)	Bishopric	Template:Langx	1443-1791	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn, sold a Duchy of Siewierz to the Bishop of Kraków Zbigniew Cardinal Oleśnicki for 6,000 silver Groschen in 1443. This tiny duchy had its own laws, treasury and army. In 1790, the Great Sejm took over the Duchy of Siewierz to the State Treasury and incorporated it directly into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
File:Wappen Bistum Lebus.png	Lebus	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1124-1248/1372	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}} {{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372-1454 fief of the Bohemian crown, seated in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} since 1385; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ostensibly since 1248, but challenged by Brandenburg. Continued by Hohenzollern Lutheran administrators after Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
File:Wappen Bistum Ermland.png	Warmia	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx	1466-1772	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}} (temporal and diocesan territory) Template:LIT {{#invoke:flag	}} (diocesan territory only)	Established as a part of the State of the Teutonic Order (see above) by Papal legate William of Modena in 1243, with princely title documented in the Golden Bull of 1356. Incorporated into the Jagiellon kingdom of Poland in 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under the Polish crown in 1479. It was ultimately abolished in the course of the Prussian annexation in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland.
File:EBBreslauCOA.svg File:POL księstwo nyskie COA.svg	Wrocław (Duchy of Nysa)	Bishopric	Template:Langx Template:Langx Template:Langx	1201-1335/1348	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}} {{#invoke:flag	Czech Republic}} (temporal and diocesan territory) {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} (diocesan territory only)	Ceded 1335/1348 to Lands of the Bohemian Crown (part of HRE). After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part), but the princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930

England

Durham

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The bishops of Durham, while not sovereign, held extensive rights usually reserved to the English, and later British, monarch within the county palatine of Durham. In 1075 Walcher, the bishop of Durham, was allowed to purchase the earldom of Northumbria; this marked the beginning of the bishops' temporal powers, which expanded during the Middle Ages before being gradually curbed from the sixteenth century onwards.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Except for a brief period of suppression during the English Civil War, the bishopric retained some temporal powers until it was abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836, when its powers returned to the Crown.<ref name="Britannica">"Durham". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th Ed. Vol 8.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The last institution of the palatinate, its court of chancery, was abolished in 1974.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other English Prince-bishoprics

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

• The Isle of Ely was a royal liberty, and between 1109 and 1535 a county palatine, with traces of the bishop's princely status remaining until 1837.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Hexhamshire was a county palatine under the Archbishop of York from at least the 14th century until 1572; prior to that, it was a royal liberty.

France

From the tenth century civil wars on, many bishops took over the powers of the local count, as authorised by the king. For example, at Chalons-sur-Marne the bishop ruled the lands Template:Convert around the town, while the Archbishop of Rheims demarcated his territory with five fortresses of Courville, Cormicy, Betheneville, Sept-Saulx and Chaumuzy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A number of French bishops did hold a noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often a princely title, especially Count but also Prince or Baron, including actual seigneurial authority and rights.<ref name=nor/> Indeed, six of the twelve original Pairies (the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: the Archbishop of Reims, the Bishop of Langres, and the Bishop of Laon held a ducal title, the bishops of Beauvais, Chalôns, and Noyon had comital status. They were later joined by the Archbishop of Paris, who was awarded a ducal title, but with precedence over the others.<ref name=nor/><ref name=ed/>

France also counted a number of prince-bishops formerly within the Holy Roman Empire such those of Besançon, Cambrai, Strasbourg, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Belley. The bishops of Arles, Embrun, and Grenoble also qualify as princes of episcopal cities. The bishop of Viviers was Count of Viviers and Prince de Donzère. The bishop of Sisteron was also Prince de Lurs, the title of count was held by the Archbishop of Lyons, and the bishops of Gap, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Vienne and Die were Seigneurs of their cities.

Never part of the empire were Lisieux, Cahors, Chalon-sur-Saône, Léon, Dol and Vabres whose bishops were also counts. Ajaccio was Count of Frasso. The bishops of Sarlat, Saint-Malo (Baron de Beignon) and of Luçon were Barons and Tulle was Viscount of the city. The bishop of Mende was governor and count, Puy held the title Count of Velay, Quimper was Seigneur of the city and Comte de Cornouailles, Valence was Seigneur and Count of the city. Montpellier's bishop was Count of Mauguio and Montferrand, Marquis of Marquerose and Baron of Sauve, Durfort, Salevoise, and Brissac. The bishop of Saint-Claude was Seigneur of all the lands of Saint-Claude. The bishops of Digne (Seigneur and Baron), Pamiers (co-Seigneur), Albi, Lectoure, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Papoul, Saint-Pons, and Uzès were Seigneurs of the cities.<ref name="ed">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="nor">Template:Cite book</ref>

Portugal

From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of Coimbra held the comital title of Count of Arganil, being thus called "bishop-count" (Template:Langx). The use of the comital title declined during the 20th century since Portugal has become a republic and nobility privileges have ceased to be officially recognized, and was ultimately discontinued.

Montenegro

Template:Further The bishops of Cetinje, who took as the Prince-Bishops of Montenegro the place of the earlier secular (Grand) Voivodes in 1516, had a unique position of Slavonic, Orthodox prince-bishops of Montenegro under Ottoman suzerainty.<ref>{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: MONTENEGRO led by its Bishops from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The History of Montenegro, 1835) Template:In lang</ref> It was eventually secularized and became ruled by hereditary princes and ultimately Kings of Montenegro in 1852, as reflected in their styles:

• first {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Bishop and Ruler of Montenegro and the Highlands")
• from 13 March 1852 (New Style): {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("By the grace of God Prince and Sovereign of Montenegro and the Highlands")
• from 28 August 1910 (New Style): {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("By the grace of God, King and Sovereign of Montenegro")

Contemporary

The Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French head of state (currently its President)<ref name="andorramania.com"/><ref name="Royal Central"/>

Modern informal usage

The term has been used by Episcopalians in North America to describe modern bishops with commanding personalities usually of previous generations.<ref name=ATVM>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> One such individual was Bishop Horace W. B. Donegan of whom Episcopal suffragan bishop Robert E. Terwilliger said "We often say that Bishop Donegan is the last prince bishop of the church because in his graciousness, in his presence, in his total lack of any crisis of identity, we have seen what a bishop is; and we know that it is a kind of royalty in Christ."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Anglican Archbishop Robert Duncan expressed his view that the pastoral changes "in the 1970s was a revolution in reaction to those prince bishops – they had all this authority, they had all this power." So systems such as the Commission on Ministry system in the Episcopal Church "was to replace an individual's authority with a committee's authority."<ref name=ATVM/>

See also

• Crown-cardinal
• Lord Bishop
• Lords Spiritual
• Nobles of the Church (Kingdom of Hungary)
• Political Catholicism
• Prince-abbot
• Prince-Provost
• Prince of the Church
• Temporal power

Sources

• Westermann, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in German)

External links

• Catholic Encyclopaedia
• The Prince-Bishop of Münster
• Albert of Buxhoeveden, Prince-Bishop of Livonia
• Heraldica.org - here French peerage
• WorldStatesmen search under each present country