Prince Hall

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Prince Hall (Template:Circa Template:SndDecember 7, 1807) was an American abolitionist and leader in the free black community in Boston. He founded Prince Hall Freemasonry and lobbied for education rights for African American children. He was also active in the back-to-Africa movement.<ref name=wgbh>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hall tried to gain a place for New York's enslaved and free blacks in Freemasonry, education, and the military, some of the most crucial spheres of society in his time. Hall is considered the founder of "Black Freemasonry" in the United States, known today as Prince Hall Freemasonry. He formed the African Grand Lodge of North America, and was unanimously elected its Grand Master and served until he died in 1807. Steve Gladstone, author of Freedom Trail Boston, states that Hall was "one of the most influential free black leaders in the late 1700s".Template:R

There is confusion about his birth year, place of birth, parents, and marriages, partly because there were numerous "Prince Halls" during this period.

Early lifeEdit

Hall was born between 1735 and 1738.Template:R Template:R Template:Efn His place of birth and parents are also unclear.Template:R Template:Efn Hall mentioned in his writings that New England was his homeland. The Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, in its Proceedings of 1906, opted for 1738, relying on a letter from Reverend Jeremy Belknap, a founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society.<ref name=Phylaxis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hall's birthday is traditionally celebrated on September 14.

Hall's early years are unclear. Historian Charles H. Wesley theorized that by age 11, Hall was enslaved Template:R (or in service)Template:R to Boston tanner William Hall, and by 1770 was a free, literate manTemplate:R and had been always accounted as a free man.Template:R Template:Efn It was through William Hall that Prince learned how to process and dress leather.<ref name="Marable">Template:Cite book</ref> Inside Prince Hall author and historian David L. Gray states that he was unable to find an official historical record of the manumission.Template:R Template:Efn Hall was able to read and write, and may have been self-taught, or may have had assistance.<ref name="Greene p. 241" />Template:Efn

Revolutionary WarEdit

Hall encouraged enslaved and freed blacks to serve in the American colonial military. He believed that if blacks were involved in founding the new nation, it would aid in attaining freedom for all blacks.<ref name="autogenerated1980">Loretta J. Williams, Black Freemasonry and Middle-Class Realities, (University of Missouri Press, 1980).</ref><ref name="Muraskin1975">Template:Cite book</ref> Hall proposed that the Massachusetts Committee of Safety allow blacks to join the military. He and fellow supporters petition compared the Intolerable Acts with the enslavement of blacks. Their proposal was declined.<ref name="Muraskin1975" /><ref name="Mighty Power p. 34">Template:Cite book</ref>

England issued a proclamation that guaranteed freedom to blacks who enlisted in the British Army. Once the British Army filled its ranks with black troops, the Continental Army reversed its decision and allowed blacks into the military.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is believed, but not certain, that Hall was one of the six "Prince Halls" from Massachusetts to serve during the war.<ref name=wgbh />

Having served during the Revolutionary War, many African Americans expected, but did not receive, racial equality when the war ended. Intending to improve the lives of fellow African Americans, Hall collaborated with others to propose legislation for equal rights. He also hosted community events, such as educational forums and theatre events, to improve the lives of black people.<ref name="Muraskin1975" />

FreemasonryEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Freemasonry Hall was interested in the Masonic fraternity because Freemasonry was founded on liberty, equality, and peaceful ideals. Before the American Revolutionary War, Hall and fourteen other free black men petitioned for admittance to the all-white Boston St. John's Lodge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Maurice Wallace, "Are We Men?: Prince Hall, Martin Delany, and the Masculine Ideal in Black Freemasonry", American Literary History, Vol. 9, No. 3.</ref><ref>Freemasonry British Columbia and Yukon. Prince Hall.</ref> They were turned down.<ref name="Sidbury p. 74" /> Having been rejected by colonial Freemasonry, Hall and 15 others sought and were initiated into Masonry by members of Lodge No. 441 of the Grand Lodge of Ireland on March 6, 1775.<ref name=wgbh /><ref name="Sidbury p. 74" /><ref>princehall.org A Brief History of Prince Hall Freemasonry in Massachusetts Template:Webarchive Prince Hall. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref> The Lodge was attached to the British forces stationed in Boston. Hall and other freedmen founded African Lodge No. 1, and he was named Grand Master.<ref name=wgbh />

File:PrinceHallMason.jpg

The black Masons had limited power; they could meet as a lodge, participate in the Masonic procession on St. John's Day, and bury their dead with Masonic rites but could not confer Masonic degrees or perform any other essential functions of a fully operating Lodge.<ref>Joanna Brooks, "Prince Hall Freemasonry, and Genealogy," African American Review, Vol. 34, No. 2.</ref> Unable to create a charter, they applied to the Grand Lodge of England. The grand master of the Mother Grand Lodge of England, H. R. H. The Duke of Cumberland, issued a charter for the African Lodge No. 1, later renamed African Lodge No. 459 September 29, 1784.<ref name="Sidbury p. 74" /><ref>Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989; Template:ISBN), p. 203.</ref> The lodge was the country's first African Masonic lodge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On March 22, 1797, Hall organized a lodge in Philadelphia, called African Lodge #459, under what was known as Prince Hall's Charter. They later received their own charter. On June 25, 1797, he organized the African Lodge (later known as Hiram Lodge #3) at Providence, Rhode Island.<ref name="PrinceHallClass">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Author and historian James Sidbury wrote: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Prince Hall and those who joined him to found Boston's African Masonic Lodge built a fundamentally new "African" movement on a preexisting institutional foundation. Within that movement, they asserted emotional, mythical, and genealogical links to the continent of Africa and its peoples.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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After Hall died on December 4, 1807, the brethren organized the African Grand Lodge on June 24, 1808, including the Philadelphia, Providence, and Boston lodges.<ref name="PrinceHallClass"/> African Grand Lodge declared independence from the United Grand Lodge of England and all other lodges in 1827. In 1847, they renamed Prince Hall Grand Lodge to honor their founder.<ref name="PrinceHallClass" />

Hall was considered the "father of African Freemasonry."<ref name="Sidbury p. 74">Template:Cite book</ref> Hall said of civic activities: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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Community activismEdit

File:Prince Hall MA Legislature 1788a.jpg

"Petition of a Number of Blacks" reprinted in The American Museum Magazine, 1788

File:Prince Hall MA Legislature 1788c.jpg

"Petition of a Number of Blacks" reprinted in The American Museum Magazine, 1788

Hall worked within the state political arena to advance the rights of blacks, end slavery, and protect free blacks from being kidnapped by slave traders. He proposed a back-to-Africa movement, pressed for equal educational opportunities, and operated a school for African Americans in his home. He engaged in public speaking and debate, citing Christian scripture against slavery to a predominantly Christian legislative body.<ref name=wgbh /><ref name="Muraskin1975" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

EducationEdit

Hall requested that the Massachusetts Congress create a school program for black children. He cited the same platform for fighting the American Revolution of "Taxation without Representation."<ref name="Muraskin1975" /><ref>Joanna Brooks, "Prince Hall, Freemasonry, and Genealogy," Indiana State University, 34.2 (2000): 197–216. Print.</ref> Hall and other Black Bostonians wanted a separate school to distance themselves from white supremacy and create well-educated Black citizens.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although Hall's arguments were logical, his two attempts at passing legislation through the Massachusetts Congress both failed.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Hall then started a school program for free black children out of his own home<ref name=":0" /><ref name=wgbh /> with a focus on Liberal Arts and classical education.<ref name=":0" />

Speech and petition writingEdit

Hall is known for giving speeches and writing petitions. In a speech given to the Boston African Masonic Lodge, Hall stated, "My brethren, let us not be cast down under these and many other abuses we at present labour under: for the darkest is before the break of day... Let us remember what a dark day it was with our African brethren, six years ago, in the French West Indies. Nothing but the snap of the whip was heard, from morning to evening".<ref>Maurice Jackson, "Friends of the Negro! Fly with Me, The Path is Open to the Sea," Early American Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 58 – 59.</ref>

His 1788 petition to the Massachusetts legislature protested the abuse and kidnapping of fellow Black Boston residents and called out many atrocities faced by the community.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Hall's notable written works include the 1792 Charge and 1797 Charge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hall's 1792 Charge focused on the abolition of slavery in his home state of Massachusetts. He addressed the importance of black leaders in shaping the country and creating unity. In his 1797 Charge, Hall wrote about the treatment and hostility that blacks received in the United States.<ref name="Sidbury p. 119" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He recognized black revolutionaries in the Haitian Revolution. Hall was one of several free blacks in Massachusetts who presented a petition to the legislature in 1788 protesting African-American seamen being sold into slavery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In a speech he presented in June 1797, Hall said:

Patience, I say; for were we not possessed of a great measure of it, we could not bear up under the daily insults we meet with in the streets of Boston, much more on public days of recreation. How, at such times, are we shamefully abused, and that to such a degree, that we may truly be said to carry our lives in our hands, and the arrows of death are flying about our heads. ...tis not for want of courage in you, for they know that they dare not face you man for man, but in a mob.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Back to Africa movementEdit

Hall was involved in the Back-to-Africa movement and approached the legislature to request funds for voluntary emigration to Africa. In January 1773, Hall and 73 other African-American delegates presented an emigration plea to the Massachusetts Senate.<ref>Arthur White, "Black Leadership Class and Education in Antebellum Boston", The Journal of Negro Education, Autumn 1973.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This plea, which included the contentions that African Americans are better suited to Africa's climate and lifestyle, failed. When a group of freed black men had begun a trip to Africa, they were captured and held, which reignited Hall's interest in the movement.

Personal lifeEdit

Hall joined the Congregational Church in 1762.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He married an enslaved woman named Sarah Ritchie or Ritchery who died in 1769.<ref name="wgbh" />Template:R Hall married Flora Gibbs of Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1770.<ref name="wgbh" /> David Gray states he was married for a second time to Sylvia (Zilpha) Ward Hall.Template:R An article about Hall for Africans in America by PBS states that he married a woman named Delia, a servant outside William Hall's household, and had a son named Primus in 1756.<ref name="wgbh" />Template:Efn However, in his research, Gray found no record of the marriage or son, suggesting Primus Hall was from a different family.Template:R Template:Efn

In Boston, Hall worked as a peddler, caterer, and leatherworker, owning a leather shop.<ref name="wgbh" /><ref name="Sidbury p. 74" /> In April 1777, he created five leather drumheads for an artillery regiment of Boston.<ref name="wgbh" /> Hall was a homeowner who voted and paid taxes.<ref name="wgbh" />

Hall died on December 4, 1807, and is buried in Copp's Hill Burying Ground in Boston along with other notable Bostonians from the colonial era.<ref name="Gladstone">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="wgbh" />Template:R Thousands of other African Americans who lived in the "New Guinea" community at the base of Copp's Hill are buried alongside Snowhill Street in unmarked graves.Template:R

His wife, Sylvia (Zilpha), was the executrix of his estate, which amounted to $47.22, and there was no realty.<ref name="Gray p. 46">Template:Cite book</ref>

MonumentsEdit

A tribute monument to Hall was erected on Copp's Hill on June 24, 1835, next to his grave marker. The inscription reads: "Here lies ye body of Prince Hall, first Grand Master of the colored Grand Lodge in Mass. Died Dec. 7, 1807".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:R Template:Efn

The Prince Hall Monument, by Ted Clausen, was erected in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Copp's Hill Burying Ground, Boston - Prince Hall monument.JPG

Prince Hall Monument in Copp's Hill Burying Ground
Copp's Hill Burying Ground, Boston - Prince Hall tombstone.JPG

Hall's tombstone in Copp's Hill Burying Ground
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Prince Hall Monument in Cambridge