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Provisional government

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A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revolution, civil war, or some combination thereof.

Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as economic collapse, civil war, defeat in a foreign war, revolution, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of democratic transition and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.

Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to human rights and political freedoms, the structure of the economy, government institutions, and international alignment.<ref name="ShainLinz1992">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Provisional governments differ from caretaker governments, which are responsible for governing within an established parliamentary system and serve temporarily after an election, vote of no confidence or cabinet crisis, until a new government can be appointed.<ref name="ShainLinz1992" /> Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers.

In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:<ref name="ShainLinz_BetweenStates_1995_5psl">Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995, Template:ISBN [1] Template:Webarchive, p. 5</ref>

  1. Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
  2. Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
  3. Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
  4. International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).

The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of transitional justice.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.

The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution, such as Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the United States in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and continued in existence as the Congress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by the United States Congress in 1789.

The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.

Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.

AfricaEdit

As of 2024, seven African countries currently have provisional governments: Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Niger.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> following the 2006 Abuja Agreement during the War in Darfur.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Intended as a technocracy,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AmericasEdit

As of 2024 in the Americas, only Haiti is formally administered by a provisional government.

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was eventually succeeded by the Bellido cabinet following the inauguration of Pedro Castillo on July 28, 2021.

AsiaEdit

World War I and InterbellumEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Succeeded by the Mongolian People's Republic following the ratification of the first constitution.

World War IIEdit

Cold War and aftermathEdit

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21st centuryEdit

As of 2024 in Asia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the State of Palestine (under both Fatah and Hamas), Syria, and Yemen currently have provisional governments.

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later transitioned to committee rule following Sinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while National Coalition president Hadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Succeeded by the Syrian transitional government in 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EuropeEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Merged with the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland to create the united Kingdom of Poland.

World War I and InterbellumEdit

World War IIEdit

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Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as occupied nations were liberated from Nazi occupation by the Allies.

Cold WarEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (1967–1971), formed by Turkish Cypriots in the wake of the 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent worsening of intercommunal violence. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

Collapse of the USSR and aftermathEdit

21st centuryEdit

As of 2024 in Europe, only Belarus, South Ossetia, and territories of Russia and Ukraine occupied by each other during the Russian invasion of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with the government of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania and the government of the Republic of Belarus, while the latter two exist as a occupation governments in opposition to the government of Russia and the government of Ukraine, respectively.

OceaniaEdit

InternationalEdit

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See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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