Pseudomonas putida

Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, saprophytic soil bacterium.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> It has a versatile metabolism and is amenable to genetic manipulation, making it a common organism used in research, bioremediation, and synthesis of chemicals and other compounds.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed P. putida strain KT2440 as Host-vector system safety level 1 certified (HV-1), indicating that it is safe to use without any extra precautions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Thus, use of P. putida in many research labs is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, which is an opportunistic pathogen.<ref name=":1" />

History and phylogeny

Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida was taxonomically confirmed to be a Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) and placed, along with several other species, in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, phylogenomic analysis<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> of complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus clearly showed that the genomes that were named as P. putida did not form a monophyletic clade, but were dispersed and formed a wider evolutionary group (the putida group) that included other species as well, such as P. alkylphenolia, P. alloputida, P. monteilii, P. cremoricolorata, P. fulva, P. parafulva, P. entomophila, P. mosselii, P. plecoglossicida and several genomic species (new species which are not validly defined).<ref name="Keshavarz-Tohid">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A variety of P. putida, called multiplasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas, is the first patented organism in the world. Because it is a living organism, the patent was disputed and brought before the United States Supreme Court in the historic court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, which the inventor, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, won. It demonstrates a very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants.

Genomics

The protein count and GC content of the (63) genomes that belong to the P. putida wider evolutionary group (as defined by a phylogenomic analysis of 494 complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus) ranges between 3748–6780 (average: 5197) and between 58.7–64.4% (average: 62.3%), respectively.<ref name=":0" /> The core proteome of the analyzed 63 genomes (of the P. putida group) comprised 1724 proteins, of which only 1 core protein was specific for this group, meaning that it was absent in all other analyzed Pseudomonads.<ref name=":0" />

Repair and avoidance of DNA damage

The P. putita genome specifies enzymes that repair oxidative DNA damages (oxidized guanine) during the stationary phase of growth thus avoiding mutagenesis.<ref name = Saumaa2007>Template:Cite journal</ref> Enzymes that participate in the removal of oxidized guanine in carbon-starved P. putata DNA include MutY glycosylase and MutM glycosylase. P. putita also specifies the enzyme MutT, a pyrophosphohydrolase that converts 8-oxodGTP to 8-oxodGMP in order to prevent 8-oxodGTP from being used as a substrate by the replicative DNA polymerase.<ref name = Saumaa2007/>

Uses

Bioremediation

The diverse metabolism of wild-type strains of P. putida may be exploited for bioremediation; for example, it has been shown in the laboratory to function as a soil inoculant to remedy naphthalene-contaminated soils.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pseudomonas putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This may be of use in the effective recycling of polystyrene foam, otherwise thought to be not biodegradable.

Biocontrol

Pseudomonas putida has demonstrated potential biocontrol properties, as an effective antagonist of plant pathogens such as Pythium aphanidermatum<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Oligonucleotide usage signatures of the P. alloputida KT2440 genome

Di- to pentanucleotide usage and the list of the most abundant octa- to tetradecanucleotides are useful measures of the bacterial genomic signature. The P. putida KT2440 chromosome is characterized by strand symmetry and intrastrand parity of complementary oligonucleotides. Each tetranucleotide occurs with similar frequency on the two strands. Tetranucleotide usage is biased by G+C content and physicochemical constraints such as base stacking energy, dinucleotide propeller twist angle, or trinucleotide bendability. The 105 regions with atypical oligonucleotide composition can be differentiated by their patterns of oligonucleotide usage into categories of horizontally acquired gene islands, multidomain genes or ancient regions such as genes for ribosomal proteins and RNAs. A species-specific extragenic palindromic sequence is the most common repeat in the genome that can be exploited for the typing of P. putida strains. In the coding sequence of P. putida, LLL is the most abundant tripeptide.<ref name=Cornelis>Template:Cite book</ref> Phylogenomic analysis reclassified the strain KT2440 in a new species Pseudomonas alloputida.<ref name="Keshavarz-Tohid" />

Organic synthesis

Pseudomonas putida's amenability to genetic manipulation has allowed it to be used in the synthesis of numerous organic pharmaceutical and agricultural compounds from various substrates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CBB5 and caffeine consumption

Pseudomonas putida CBB5, a nonengineered, wild-type variety found in soil, can live on caffeine and has been observed to break caffeine down into carbon dioxide and ammonia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

• Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Pseudomonas putida CR30RNSLL(pADPTel).
• Pseudomonas putida is an example for plant growth promoting Rhizobacterium, which produces iron chelating substances.
• Type strain of Pseudomonas putida at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase