Incubator escapee wiki

Psyllid

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:More footnotes needed Template:Automatic taxobox

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families; the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.

Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Eucalyptus Lerp psyllid.jpg
Psyllid "lerp" pest of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Subfamilies and generaEdit

A recent (2021) review<ref name=BOP2021>Burckhardt D, Ouvrard D, Percy DM (2021) An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence. European Journal of Taxonomy 736: 137–182. DOI</ref> identified 10 subfamilies (with one from Madagascar, yet to be described), including:<ref>Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: PsyllidaeTemplate:Dead link Template:In lang</ref>

Acizziinae Template:Au
Amorphicolinae Template:Au
Aphalaroidinae Template:Au

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  1. Aphalaroida Template:Au
  2. Baccharopelma Template:Au
  3. Burckhardtia Template:Au
  4. Connectopelma Template:Au (replacement name for Delina Template:Au)
  5. Ehrendorferiana Template:Au
  6. Freysuila Template:Au (syn. Indana)
  7. Pachyparia Template:Au
  8. Panisopelma Template:Au
  9. †Primascena Template:Au
  10. Prosopidopsylla Template:Au
  11. Russelliana Template:Au (syn. Arepuna)
  12. Sphinia Template:Au
  13. Yangus Template:Au (syn. Pallipsylla)
  14. Zonopelma Template:Au

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CiriacreminaeEdit

Authority: Enderlein, 1910 Template:Div col

  1. Auchmerina Template:Au
  2. Auchmeriniella Template:Au
  3. Caradocia Template:Au
  4. Ciriacremum Template:Au
  5. Euceropsylla Template:Au
  6. Geijerolyma Template:Au
  7. Heteropsylla Template:Au
  8. Hollisiana Template:Au
  9. Insnesia Template:Au
  10. Isogonoceraia Template:Au
  11. Jataiba Template:Au
  12. Kleiniella Template:Au (syn. Desmiostigma, Syndesmophlebia)
  13. Manapa Template:Au
  14. Mitrapsylla Template:Au
  15. Queiroziella Template:Au
  16. Palmapenna Template:Au
  17. Telmapsylla Template:Au
  18. Trigonon (bug) Template:Au

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DiaphorininaeEdit

Authority: Vondráček, 1951

  1. Diaphorina Template:Au (syn. Brachypsylla, Diaphora. Gonanoplicus, Pennavena, Eudiaphorina)
  2. Parapsylla Template:Au (syn. Agmapsylla)

KatacephalinaeEdit

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

  1. Katacephala Template:Au (syn. Jenseniella)
  2. Lautereropsis Template:Au
  3. Notophorina Template:Au
  4. Tuthillia Template:Au

MacrocorsinaeEdit

Authority: Vondráček, 1963 Template:Div col

  1. Apsyllopsis Template:Au
  2. Brinckitia Template:Au
  3. Colophorina Template:Au (syn. †Otroacizzia)
  4. Epiacizzia Template:Au
  5. Euphaleropsis Template:Au (syn. Peregrinivena)
  6. Euphalerus Template:Au
  7. Euryconus Template:Au
  8. Macrocorsa Template:Au
  9. Paraphyllura Template:Au
  10. Pugionipsylla Template:Au
  11. Retroacizzia Template:Au
  12. Tridencopsylla Template:Au
  13. Trisetipsylla Template:Au

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PlatycoryphinaeEdit

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

  1. Allophorina Template:Au
  2. Limbopsylla Template:Au
  3. Padaukia Template:Au (syn. Peltapaurocephala)
  4. Platycorypha Template:Au (syn. Neopsyllia)

PsyllinaeEdit

Authority: Latreille, 1807; selected genera:

Note: the genus Pachypsylla is now placed in the family Carsidaridae.<ref name=BOP2021/>

CoevolutionEdit

File:Red lerps austrochardia acaciae.jpg
Red lerps (Austrochardia acaciae) on Mulga, Central Australia

Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.Template:Citation needed

Status as pestsEdit

With taxonomic revisions at genus level and above, species including agricultural pests, that have been classed as "Psyllids" may now placed in other families including the Carsidaridae, Liviidae and Triozidae.

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum, is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the "Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, Diaphorina citri, such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established.<ref>International Psyllid Genome Consortium</ref> Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate C. liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.Template:Citation needed

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

Template:Hemiptera Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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