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Pudong

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Template:Infobox Chinese

Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.

The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.

HistoryEdit

Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County.Template:Cn

Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area".<ref name=":Chatwin">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday".<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp

On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.

In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up.<ref name=":04">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.<ref name=":04" />Template:Rp It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.<ref name=":04" />Template:Rp

The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (Template:Convert), Shanghai World Financial Center (Template:Convert) and Shanghai Tower (Template:Convert), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.

In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.<ref name=":04" />Template:Rp

On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.

Pudong New Area consists of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.

ClimateEdit

Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is Template:Cvt. The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around Template:Cvt, and lowest in January, at around Template:Cvt.

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GovernmentEdit

Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.Template:Citation needed

On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DemographicsEdit

Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of Template:Convert and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows an 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level.<ref>Population analysis of Pudong, 2011 http://rkjsw.sh.gov.cn/dr/qxinfo/310115/2012227/000000003500038000944464363.html?openpath=spfp/qxinfo/310115 Template:Webarchive</ref> The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.

The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.<ref name=":0" /> About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.

Subdistricts and townsEdit

Template:Further

Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Shanghainese Romanization Population (2010)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Area (km2)
Weifang Xincun Subdistrict lang}} Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdào vij vaon sin tsen ka do 100,548 3.89
Lujiazui Subdistrict lang}} Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdào loq ka tzyu ka do 112,507 6.89
Zhoujiadu Subdistrict lang}} Zhōujiādù Jiēdào tzoe ka du ka do 144,668 5.52
Tangqiao Subdistrict lang}} Tángqiáo Jiēdào daon djio ka do 76,916 3.86
Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict lang}} Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdào zaon kaon sin tsen ka do 104,932 7.54
Nanmatou Road Subdistrict lang}} Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdào neu mau doe lu ka do 107,130 4.22
Hudong Xincun Subdistrict lang}} Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdào wu ton sin tsen ka do 112,031 5.51
Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict lang}} Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdào cin yan sin tsen ka do 206,017 8.02
Yangjing Subdistrict lang}} Yángjīng Jiēdào yan cin ka do 146,237 7.38
Puxing Road Subdistrict lang}} Pǔxìnglù Jiēdào phu xin lu ka do 177,468 6.25
Dongming Road Subdistrict lang}} Dōngmínglù Jiēdào ton min lu ka do 121,449 5.95
Huamu Subdistrict lang}} Huāmù Jiēdào hau moq ka do 221,327 20.93
Chuanshaxin Town* (Chwansha) lang}} Chuānshāxīn Zhèn tseu sa sau sin tzen 420,045 148.05
Gaoqiao town lang}} Gāoqiáo Zhèn ko djio tzen 184,486 38.73
Beicai town lang}} Běicài Zhèn poq tsa tzen 276,547 24.91
Heqing town lang}} Héqìng Zhèn req chin tzen 132,038 41.97
Tang town lang}} Tángzhèn daon tzen 129,267 32.16
Caolu town lang}} Cáolù Zhèn dzo lu tzen 186,012 45.58
Jinqiao town lang}} Jīnqiáo Zhèn cin djio tzen 81,537 25.28
Gaohang town lang}} Gāoháng Zhèn ko raon tzen 137,625 22.85
Gaodong town lang}} Gāodōng Zhèn ko ton tzen 110,552 36.24
Zhangjiang town lang}} Zhāngjiāng Zhèn tzan kaon tzen 165,297 42.10
Sanlin town lang}} Sānlín Zhèn se lin tzen 360,516 34.19
Huinan town lang}} Huìnán Zhèn we neu tzen 213,845 65.24
Zhoupu town lang}} Zhōupǔ Zhèn tzoe phu tzen 147,329 42.60
Xinchang town lang}} Xīnchǎng Zhèn sin dzan tzen 84,183 54.30
Datuan Town lang}} Dàtuán Zhèn da deu tzen 71,162 50.45
Kangqiao town lang}} Kāngqiáo Zhèn khaon djio tzen 174,672 41.25
Hangtou town lang}} Hángtóu Zhèn raon doe tzen 110,060 60.40
Zhuqiao town lang}} Zhùqiáo Zhèn tzoq djio tzen 104,945 146.28
Nicheng town lang}} Níchéng Zhèn gnij zen tzen 62,519 61.50
Xuanqiao town lang}} Xuānqiáo Zhèn si djio tzen 59,567 45.78
Shuyuan town lang}} Shūyuàn Zhèn syu yeu tzen 59,323 66.90
Wanxiang Town lang}} Wànxiáng Zhèn ve zian tzen 24,346 23.35
Laogang town lang}} Lǎogǎng Zhèn lo kaon tzen 37,408 38.90
Nanhui Xincheng Town** lang}} Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhèn neu we sin zen tzen 47,381 67.76
Luchaogang Farm lang}} Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎng lu dzo kaon non dzan 688 9.40
Donghai Farm lang}} Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎng ton he non dzan 508 15.20
Chaoyang Farm lang}} Cháoyáng Nóngchǎng dzo yan non dzan 862 10.67
Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone lang}} Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqū nga ko djio po seu chiu 1,349 10.00
Jinqiao Export Processing Zone lang}} Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū cin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu 5,514 67.79
Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park lang}} Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqū tzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu 23,617 75.90

EducationEdit

Universities and higher educationEdit

File:NYUShanghai.jpg
New York University Shanghai

Primary and secondary schoolsEdit

Template:Expand section Public schools:

International schools:

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Other private schools:

EconomyEdit

Template:More citations needed section

File:Shanghai - Planet Imagery.jpg
Pudong aerial view.

With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.<ref name="pudonggdp"/>

The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately Template:Convert in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering Template:Convert. Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.

The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.<ref>Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q4 2009</ref> Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.<ref>Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q1 2009</ref>

File:Pudong area of Shanghai, at night.jpg
Pudong area of Shanghai, at night

The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016.<ref>"[1]." THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY REACHES ANOTHER MAJOR MILESTONE ON SHANGHAI THEME PARK PROJECT. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.</ref>

BusinessesEdit

Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower (Template:Zh) in Pudong.<ref>"Contact Us." Baosteel. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "ADD:Baosteel Tower, Pu Dian Road 370, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200122, P.R. China Postal Code:200122" - Chinese: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"</ref> Comac has its head office in Pudong.<ref>"Contact Us." Comac. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "25 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai" - Chinese Template:Webarchive: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"</ref> The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower (Template:Zh) in Pudong.<ref>"Yangtze River Express Airlines Company Limited Template:Webarchive." HNA Group. Retrieved on February 24, 2014. "Address: Pufa Tower, 588 Pudong South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai" - Address in Chinese Template:Webarchive: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"</ref>

Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong.<ref>"Mainland Service Network." Hang Seng Bank. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Hang Seng Bank（China）Limited Address: 34/F & 36/F, Hang Seng Bank Tower, 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China"</ref> Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower.<ref>"Office locations Template:Webarchive." Kroll Inc. Retrieved on 14 August 2011. "Shanghai Room 3031, 30F 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Hang Seng Bank Tower Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120 China"</ref> Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.<ref>"Google locations." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016. "Google Shanghai 60F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120, China"</ref> Template:Wide image

TransportationEdit

The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors.

In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 18 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.

File:Huangpu River-The Bund.JPG
Ships on the Huangpu River with Pudong in view

Pudong is connected to downtown Puxi by fourteen tunnels (out of eighteen cross-Huangpu tunnels in total) and four major bridges (out of eleven in total). The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently, there are fourteen tunnels that link Pudong and downtown Puxi. Dapu Rd. Tunnel is the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, followed by Yan'an Rd. Tunnel (running east–west), Waihuan Tunnel<ref>This tunnel links Pudong to Baoshan district in suburban Puxi, not to downtown Puxi.</ref> (one part of the Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway), Dalian Rd. Tunnel (running north–south), and Fuxing Rd. Tunnel (complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel). Many new tunnels have been constructed since then, especially around the Lujiazui area.

Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the S20 Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.

MetroEdit

Pudong is currently served by thirteen metro lines operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train, in addition to the Airport Link Line:

GalleryEdit

  • The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower at night.jpg

    The Oriental Pearl tower at night

  • The Oriental Pearl TV Tower at the Pudong end (36273763372).jpg

    Lujiazui

  • Shanghai - Pudong - Lujiazui.jpg

    Pudong from the Bund

  • Shaghai Jin Mao.JPG

    Jin Mao building

  • Pudong district roads traffic skyscrapers, Shanghai.JPG

    Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, Pudong

  • Lujiazui skyline, Pudong, Shanghai.JPG

    Lujiazui skyline, Pudong

  • Shanghai citic.jpg

    CITIC Pacific HQ & Mandarin Oriental

  • Pudong.ogv

    Pudong at night (video)

  • Shanghaipudong.jpg

    Pudong at night with Oriental Pearl Tower

  • Shanghai (Huang Pu River at Night) 046.jpg

    Huangpu River at night. “Better City, Better Life” is the theme of Expo 2010.

  • 2010 Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai 01.jpg

    Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower

  • Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower-20150516-RM-130617.jpg

    View of the Oriental Pearl Tower

  • Lujiazui at night, Shanghai.JPG

    Lujiazui at night

  • Night view from the Bund.jpg

    Lujiazui at night

  • Shanghai China 9Mar2018 SkySat.jpg

    Satellite image of Shanghai's Pudong district.

Twin towns — sister citiesEdit

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Pudong is twinned with:

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See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

  • Kris Olds, “Globalizing Shanghai: The ‘Global Intelligence Corps’ and the Building of Pudong," Cities 12, no. 3 (1997) 109–23.

External linksEdit

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