Pyrrhic victory

File:The pyrrhic victory of the Mulligan guards in Maine LCCN2011661828.jpg

James G. Blaine finally gained the 1884 Republican nomination for U.S. president on his third attempt: "Another victory like this and our money's gone!"

A Pyrrhic victory (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Such a victory negates any true sense of achievement or damages long-term progress.

The phrase originates from a quote from Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose triumph against the Romans in the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC destroyed much of his forces, forcing the end of his campaign.

Etymology

A "Pyrrhic victory" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:

In both Epirote victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties, but they had a much larger pool of replacements, so the casualties had less impact on the Roman war effort than the losses had on the campaign of King Pyrrhus.

The report is often quoted as: Template:Quote or Template:Quote

Examples

War

This list comprises examples of battles that ended in a Pyrrhic victory. It is not intended to be complete but to illustrate the concept.

• Battle of Asculum (279 BC),<ref name=Plutarch/> Pyrrhus of Epirus and Italian allies against the Roman Republic: the Romans, though suffering twice as many casualties, could easily replenish their ranks. Pyrrhus lost most of his commanders and a great part of the forces he had brought to Italy, and he withdrew to Sicily.
• Battle of Avarayr (451),<ref name="Hewsen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Pattie">Template:Cite book</ref> Vardan Mamikonian and Christian Armenian rebels against the Sassanid Empire: the Persians were victorious and forced the outnumbered Armenians to retreat, but lost so many soldiers that the battle proved to be a strategic victory for Armenians, as Avarayr paved the way to the Nvarsak Treaty (AD 484), which assured Armenian autonomy and religious freedom.

• File:Johann Peter Krafft 005.jpg

  Last stand and final charge from the fortress of Szigetvár (painting by Johann Peter Krafft, 1825)
  Siege of Szigetvár (1566),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ottoman–Habsburg wars: although the Ottomans won the siege after 33 days, it can be seen as a Pyrrhic victory because of the heavy Ottoman casualties, the death of Sultan Suleiman, and the resulting delay to the Ottoman push for Vienna that year which suspended Ottoman expansion in Europe.
• Siege of Ostend (1601–1604),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> Eighty Years' War: for three years the Spanish attempted to capture this port from Dutch and English defenders, even as the Dutch expanded their territory further east – including capturing the port of Sluis to replace Ostend before surrendering. The Spaniards ultimately captured the city, but the vast cost and casualties of the siege were compounded by Spain's subsequent campaign to recapture the Dutch gains, which achieved little, and by 1607 Spain was bankrupt. The resultant Twelve Years' Truce effectively made the Dutch Republic an independent state.
• Battle of Gangwana (1741) fought between 1,000 strong Rathore cavalry of Jodhpur and combined armies of Mughal Empire, and Jaipur numbering 100,000 with hundreds of cannons and artillery at Gangwana. Jaipur emerged victorious but with heavy losses of 12,000 killed and thousands other wounded<ref>Fall Of The Mughal Empire - Vol. I (4th ed.), volume 1, pp. 175-176</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Battle of Bunker Hill (1775),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> American Revolutionary War: after mounting three assaults on the colonial forces, the British won control of the Boston peninsula in the early stages of the war, but the engagement cost them many more casualties than the Americans had incurred (including a large number of officers) and led them to adopt more cautious methods, which helped American rebel forces; the political repercussions increased colonial support for independence.
• Battle of Guilford Court House (1781),<ref>British Whig Party leader and war critic Charles James Fox said, "Another such victory would ruin the British Army!". Baker, Thomas E. Another Such Victory, Eastern Acorn Press, 1981, Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> American Revolutionary War: in this short battle, the outnumbered British force defeated an American army; the British lost a considerable number of men, and their drive to conquer the southern colonies changed course.
• Battle of Chancellorsville (1863),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee split his army in the face of Joseph Hooker's larger Union force; the audacious strategy allowed the Confederate army to win the day against a numerically superior foe. However, 20% of Lee's army was injured or killed, including General Stonewall Jackson, and his losses were difficult to replace. Lee's weakened army went on the offensive, but less than two months later was defeated and forced to retreat after the Battle of Gettysburg.

• File:Aircraft prepare to launch from Japanese carrier Shōkaku during Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, 26 October 1942 (80-G-176150).jpg

  Japanese aircraft prepare to take off from Shōkaku during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
  Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands (1942),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> World War II, Solomon Islands Campaign: Japanese and Allied naval forces met during the struggle for Guadalcanal and nearby islands. After an exchange of carrier air attacks, U.S. surface ships retreated with one aircraft carrier sunk along with a destroyer and another carrier and a battleship severely damaged. The Japanese carrier forces achieved a tactical victory, as none of their ships were sunk, but the heavy loss of 100 airplanes and irreplaceable veteran aircrews was to the strategic advantage of the Allies. Japanese ground forces on Guadalcanal had also just lost the Battle for Henderson Field and were in no position to take advantage of the new situation.
• Battle of Chosin Reservoir (1950),<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Korean War: the Chinese army attempted to encircle and destroy the much smaller United Nations forces, but in a 17-day battle in freezing weather, the U.N. forces inflicted crippling losses on the Chinese while making a fighting withdrawal. The Chinese occupied northeast Korea but they did not recover until the spring, and the U.N. maintained a foothold in Korea.
• Second Battle of Quảng Trị (1972), Vietnam War: South Vietnam defeated communist North Vietnam to recapture Quảng Trị Province south of the Thạch Hãn River at a high cost in terms of damage and destruction. The 1973 Paris Agreement, signed later, also became a disaster for South Vietnam. The South fell to communism in 1975
• File:Croatian War 1991 Vukovar street.jpg

  The ruined streets of Vukovar ten days after its surrender
  Battle of Vukovar (1991),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Croatian War of Independence: the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) laid siege to the city of Vukovar, held by the Croatian National Guard and civilian volunteers. After 87 days, the ruined city fell to the JNA. Although the city was besieged from all sides, it exhausted the Yugoslav army and Serbian paramilitaries that had about twenty times more soldiers and complete armoured and artillery superiority, and they had twice as many losses. It was a turning point in the Croatian War of Independence.

Politics, sports and law

The term is used as an analogy in business, politics and sports to describe struggles that end up ruining the victor. A Pyrrhic victory in a sporting context could range from a team winning a game yet a star player gets hurt in the process, or a win costing them an opportunity at a better selection in the draft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr commented on the necessity of coercion in preserving the course of justice by warning,

In Beauharnais v. Illinois, a 1952 U.S. Supreme Court decision involving a charge proscribing group libel, Associate Justice Black alluded to Pyrrhus in his dissent,

See also

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