Quercus emoryi
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Quercus emoryi, the Emory oak, is a species of oak common in Arizona (including inside Saguaro National Park), New Mexico and western Texas (including inside Big Bend National Park), United States, and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila (including Parque Nacional Maderas del Carmen), Durango, Nuevo León, and San Luis Potosí).<ref>SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter</ref><ref>Template:BONAP</ref> It typically grows in dry hills at moderate altitudes.
DescriptionEdit
Quercus emoryi is a wintergreen tree in the red oak group, retaining its leaves throughout the winter until new leaves are produced in spring. It is a large shrub or small tree from Template:Convert tall. The leaves are Template:Convert long, simple or wavy-toothed, leathery, dark green above, paler below. The acorns are Template:Convert long, blackish-brown, and mature in 6–8 months from pollination; the kernel is sweet, and is an important food for people and for certain other mammals.<ref name="Nixon" />
The seeds of this tree are called chich’il in Ndee, wi-yo:thi or toa in O’odham, bellotas in Spanish, and acorns in English.<ref>"Savoring Bellotas in Apache Acorn Stew" (blog post, September 30, 2019), in Savor the Southwest: Forage, Raise, Cook</ref> The English and Latin botanical names for this tree come from the name of a United States Army surveyor, Lieutenant William Hemsley Emory, who surveyed the area that had become known as West-Texas in the 1840s.
EcologyEdit
The Emory acorn is sweet and is an important food for livestock, deer, squirrels, cliff chipmunks (Tamnias dorsalis), and birds such as quail and wild turkeys.<ref name=Nixon>Template:EFloras</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Peattie/> Deer and livestock also browse the foliage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
UsesEdit
Native American groups have eaten Emory acorns traditionally, ceremonially, and in contemporary cuisine. The acorns are most commonly ground into meal.<ref>'Going Green' Is Really 'Going Native': Western Apache Chef Nephi Craig, NPR's Code Switch, April 4, 2016, Hanna Choi</ref><ref>'Gather': Food Sovereignty Stories (Film)</ref><ref name=Peattie>Template:Cite book</ref>
Emory oak health and habitat have been challenged in 2020, including in Oak Flat, Arizona in the Tonto National Forest by the Resolution Copper mining company's large copper mineTemplate:Citation needed.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture:
Emory oak acorns are a critically important resource for Western Apache Tribal Nation, both as a food source and due to its cultural and ceremonial uses. For decades, Apache elders watched in frustration as groves produced less acorn yield and declined in overall health. The ... Emory oak Collaborative Tribal Restoration Initiative is restor[ing] and protect[ing] Emory oak stands ... to ensure the long-term persistence of Emory oak. Habitat loss, fire suppression, livestock grazing, groundwater reductions, species competition and climate change have all impacted the Emory oak population. This program uses tribal traditional ecological knowledge to guide goals and activities.<ref>"Tribal restoration initiative seeks to protect, restore Emory oak", November 2, 2020</ref>