Rajas

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Italic title Rajas (Sanskrit: रजस्) is one of the three guṇas (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.<ref name=larsonp10>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=jamesgrajas>James G. Lochtefeld, Rajas, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 2, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, pages 546-547</ref> The other two qualities are sattva (goodness, balance) and tamas (lethargy, violence, disorder). Rajas is innate tendency or quality that drives motion, energy and activity.<ref name=larsonp244>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=ianwhicher124>Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, State University of New York Press, pages 86-87, 124-125, 163-167, 238-243</ref>

Rajas is sometimes translated as passion, where it is used in the sense of activity, without any particular value and it can contextually be either good or bad.<ref name=larsonp10/><ref name=jamesgrajas/> Rajas helps actualize the other two guṇa.<ref>Autobiography Of A Yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda, Self Realization Fellowship, 1973, p. 22</ref><ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1990 p. 236</ref> In simply it is the mixture of both sattva and tamas.

Description

In Samkhya philosophy, a Template:IAST is one of three "tendencies, qualities": sattva, rajas and tamas. This category of qualities have been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. The three qualities are:

• Sattva is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalizing, holistic, constructive, creative, building, positive attitude, luminous, serenity, being-ness, peaceful, virtuous.<ref name=ianwhicher124/><ref>Alter, Joseph S., Yoga in Modern India, 2004 Princeton University Press, p 55</ref><ref name="Burley2007p101">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Rajas is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoistic, individualizing, driven, moving, dynamic.<ref name=aw/><ref>Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, State University of New York Press, pp. 63, 124–129, 138, 188–190.</ref>
• Tamas is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impure, destructive, delusion, negative, dull or inactive, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violent, vicious, ignorant.<ref>Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, State University of New York Press, pp. 63, 110–112, 124–126, 163, 188.</ref>

In Indian philosophy, these qualities are not considered as present in either-or fashion. Rather, everyone and everything has all three, only in different proportions and in different contexts.<ref name=jamesg>James G. Lochtefeld, Sattva, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M, Vol. 2, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, p. 265.</ref> The living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities.<ref name=aw/><ref name=jamesg/>

According to Samkhya school, no one and nothing is either purely sattvic or purely rajasic or purely tamasic.<ref name=aw/> One's nature and behavior is a complex interplay of all of these, with each guna in varying degrees. In some, the conduct is rajasic with significant influence of sattvic guṇa, in some it is rajasic with significant influence of tamasic guna, and so on.<ref name=aw>Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 234–237.</ref>

In the fourteenth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, rajas is described as being of a passionate nature, driving desire, attachment, and action. When rajas is dominant, it manifests as greed, restlessness, agitation, and constant engagement in actions, which obscure wisdom and keep one bound to the cycle of worldly pursuits.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Discussion

Rajas is that quality or attribute in a substance (prakriti) or individual which promotes or upholds the activity of the other aspects of nature (prakriti) such as one or more of the following:

1. action;famous
2. change, mutation;
3. passion, excitement;
4. birth, creation, generation.

If a person or thing tends to be extremely active, excitable, or passionate, that person or thing could be said to have a preponderance of rajas. It is contrasted with the quality of tamas, which is the quality of inactivity, darkness, and laziness, and with sattva, which is the quality of purity, clarity, calmness and creativity. Rajas is viewed as being more positive than tamas, and less positive than sattva, except, perhaps, for one who has "transcended the gunas" and achieved equanimity in all fields of relative life.<ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, 1990 pp. 221–223</ref>

See also

• Samkhyakarika (verses 12 to 14 discuss Sattva, Rajas and Tamas)