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Ray Hnatyshyn

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Ramon John Hnatyshyn (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; March 16, 1934Template:Spaced ndashDecember 18, 2002) was a Canadian lawyer and statesman who served as the 24th governor general of Canada from 1990 to 1995.

Hnatyshyn was born and educated in Saskatchewan and served in the Royal Canadian Air Force prior to being elected to the House of Commons in 1974. On June 4, 1979, Hnatyshyn was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and served as a minister of the Crown in two non-successive governments until 1988.

He was appointed governor general by Queen Elizabeth II in 1989, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He replaced Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé as viceroy, and occupied the post until succeeded by Roméo LeBlanc in 1995. As the Queen's representative, Hnatyshyn followed an egalitarian approach by reversing some exclusive policies of his predecessors, such as by opening up Rideau Hall to ordinary Canadians and tourists alike, and was praised for raising the stature of Ukrainian Canadians.

He subsequently practiced law and sat as Chancellor of Carleton University before dying of pancreatitis on December 18, 2002.

Early life and careerEdit

Hnatyshyn, a Ukrainian Canadian, was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to Helen Constance (Pitts) and John Hnatyshyn. John practised as a lawyer, but also became involved in politics, running unsuccessfully in three federal elections in the riding of Yorkton before becoming Canada's first Ukrainian-born senator in 1959.<ref name=CE/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="URegina">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Refn John's political links and friendship with John Diefenbaker, the future prime minister, would provide his son with frequent exposure to high-calibre political debate.<ref name=CBCOB>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ray Hnatyshyn attended Victoria Public School and Nutana Collegiate Institute in Saskatoon, then went on to study at the University of Saskatchewan, earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1954, and a Bachelor of Laws two years later.<ref name=CE>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was called to the bar of Saskatchewan in 1957 and briefly worked at a Saskatoon law firm, then moved to Ottawa in 1958 to take a position as an assistant to Walter Aseltine, the Government Leader in the Canadian Senate.<ref name=CE/><ref name="UM">Template:Citation</ref>

Hnatyshyn returned to Saskatoon in 1960 and resumed his career as a lawyer. That year, on January 9, he married Karen Gerda Nygaard Andreasen, eventually having and raising two sons with her.<ref name=CE/><ref name=GGHnat>Template:CitationTemplate:Dead link</ref> In the 1964 Saskatchewan general election, he ran unsuccessfully as a Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan candidate in the electoral district of Saskatoon City.<ref name=CE/> In 1966 he began teaching at the University of Saskatchewan's College of Law as a sessional lecturer, and in 1973 he was appointed Queen's Counsel in Saskatchewan.<ref name=CE/><ref name=CBCOB /><ref name=USask>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In his youth, Hnatyshyn enrolled in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, where he was a member of 107 Spitfire Squadron in Saskatoon. He was enlisted as a reservist with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) from 1951 to 1956, then served in the RCAF's 23 Wing (Auxiliary) from 1956 to 1958.<ref name=USask/><ref name=Parlinfo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Member of ParliamentEdit

In the 1974 federal election, Hnatyshyn ran as a Progressive Conservative Party (PC) candidate and narrowly won the riding of Saskatoon—Biggar against New Democratic Party incumbent Alfred Gleave. He thereby became a member of Parliament (MP).<ref name=CE/><ref name=Parlinfo/> He was appointed the PCs' deputy house leader in 1976.<ref name=Parlinfo/>

When Saskatoon—Biggar was abolished ahead of the 1979 election, Hnatyshyn followed most of his constituents into the newly established riding of Saskatoon West, where he won re-election. The PCs won a minority government in that election, and Hnatyshyn was appointed on June 4 to the Cabinet chaired by Joe Clark as Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources, as well as Minister of State for Science and Technology.<ref name=CE/><ref name=Parlinfo/>

The PC minority government fell in December 1979, and the Liberals regained power in the subsequent federal election held on February 18, 1980. Hnatyshyn was re-elected MP in Saskatoon West, and was named opposition critic for justice.<ref name=Parlinfo/> Brian Mulroney replaced Joe Clark as PC leader following the 1983 leadership election, and named Hnatyshyn Opposition House Leader in April 1984.<ref name=Parlinfo/>

The PCs won a landslide majority government in the 1984 federal election, and Hnatyshyn was named Government House Leader in November 1984,<ref name=CE/> before adding President of the Privy Council to his portfolio in February 1985.<ref name=Parlinfo/> By mid-1986, as the PCs began to trail the Liberals in opinion polling, Mulroney announced a cabinet shuffle, naming Hnatyshyn Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on June 30.<ref name=CE/><ref name=Parlinfo/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was called to the bar of Ontario the same year,<ref name="CBCarchive-swornin">Template:Cite news</ref> and was appointed Queen's Counsel in Canada in 1988.<ref name="URegina"/><ref name=USask/>

Saskatoon West was abolished before the election of 1988, and Hnatyshyn attempted to follow most of his constituents into Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing, but lost to NDP challenger Chris Axworthy.<ref name=Parlinfo/> Following his defeat, Hnatyshyn returned to practising law, joining the Ottawa firm of Gowling, Strathy & Henderson in April 1989.<ref name=CE/>

Governor General of CanadaEdit

File:10 Rideau Hall P1350151.jpg
Rideau Hall, Hnatyshyn's Ottawa residence during his term as governor general

On December 14, 1989, Queen Elizabeth II, by commission under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada, appointed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's choice of Hnatyshyn to succeed Jeanne Sauvé as the Queen's representative. He was the second consecutive Saskatchewan-born Governor-General. Hnatyshyn was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on January 29, 1990.<ref name="CBCarchive-swornin"/>

Hnatyshyn thereafter made an effort to open up Rideau Hall—the monarch's and governor general's residence in Ottawa<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=hnatysh>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>—to the public, establishing a visitors' centre and initiating guided tours of the palace and the royal park in which it sits. These moves marked a complete reversal of the policies of his predecessor Sauvé, who had closed Rideau Hall to the general public. In 1991, Hnatyshyn staged on the grounds the first of the annual Governor General's Summer Concert Series and, the year after, mounted His Excellency's Most Excellent Rock Concert and re-opened the skating rink to the public.<ref name=CE/>

These events blended with some of Hnatyshyn's self-imposed mandates during his viceregal tenure, which included a desire to engage Canadian youth and focus attention on education and to encourage the arts. To these ends, he established in 1992 the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Arts, and the Governor General's Flight For Freedom Award for Lifetime Achievement in Literacy.<ref name=CE/> Further, he founded the International Council for Canadian Studies, the Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, and the Governor General's International Award for Canadian Studies.<ref name=GGHnat/>

Among numerous other official and ceremonial duties, the Governor General presided over celebrations to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation<ref name=CBCOB/> and welcomed to Rideau Hall the Prince and Princess of Wales, along with a host of foreign dignitaries such as President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and King Hussein and Queen Noor of Jordan. Further, Hnatyshyn undertook a number of state visits, including one to Ukraine,<ref name=GGHnat/> before his time serving at Her Majesty's pleasure ended on February 6, 1995.

Throughout his tenure as the Canadian viceroy, Hnatyshyn was both defended and criticised by the Monarchist League of Canada. In their final summary of Hnatyshyn's years in office, though, the former governor general was generally viewed to have not stood up for the Canadian Crown that he represented, choosing to follow, instead of Vincent Massey's example, that of Sauvé, who was herself seen as a republican. This lack of loyalty, it was argued, left Hnatyshyn with few defenders when he was targeted by members of the Reform Party for his salary and taxes.<ref name=hnatysh/> It was thought by John Pepall that Hnatyshyn's name had been selected by Mulroney to put forward to the Queen for appointment as governor general because Hnatyshyn, who had just recently been a member of the Cabinet headed by Mulroney until losing his parliamentary seat in the 1988 election, was someone Mulroney could "hardly feel any deference for", allowing Mulroney to continue to show the "juvenile extreme of the politician's craving for publicity and centre stage" he had while Jeanne Sauvé was governor general.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Post viceregal career and deathEdit

File:Hnatyshyn.jpg
A statue of Hnatyshyn, created in 1992 by Bill Epp, stands on the banks of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

After his departure from Government House, Hnatyshyn returned to Gowling, Strathy & Henderson, where he became senior partner.<ref name="CBCarchive-swornin"/><ref name=CE/><ref name="URegina"/> In November 2002 he was installed as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa; however, he died of complications from pancreatitis shortly before Christmas that year.<ref name=CE/> Per tradition, and with the consent of his family, Hnatyshyn lay in state for two days in the Senate chamber.<ref name="CBC021223">Template:Cite news</ref> Though he was Ukrainian Orthodox, he was commemorated in his state funeral in a multi-faith ceremony on December 23, 2002, at Ottawa's Christ Church Cathedral.<ref name=CE/><ref name="CBC021223"/> The service included the funeral rite of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—officiated by Archbishop Yurij, Bishop of Toronto, and the clergy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—and a eulogy from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's chief correspondent, Peter Mansbridge.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> Adrienne Clarkson, by that time the sitting governor general, paid tribute to him via video, as she and her husband were en route to spend Christmas with Canadian troops stationed in the Persian Gulf.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> Hnatyshyn was then buried at Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Various memorials followed Hnatyshyn's death: On March 16, 2004, Canada Post unveiled at a ceremony, attended by Hnatyshyn's widow, a $0.49 postage stamp designed by Vancouver graphic artist Susan Mavor, and bearing the formal portrait of Hnatyshyn taken by Canadian Press photographer Paul Chaisson on the day Hnatyshyn became governor general, along with a tone-on-tone rendering of part of Hnatyshyn's coat of arms. Two years later, a 48-minute documentary DVD examining the life of Hnatyshyn, A Man for all Canadians was released in Canada by IKOR Film.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Honours and armsEdit

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HonoursEdit

Ribbon bars of Ray Hnatyshyn


File:CAN Order of Canada Companion ribbon.svg File:CAN Order of Military Merit Commander ribbon.svg File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg
File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg File:CAN 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal ribbon.svg File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg File:CD-ribbon.png

Appointments
Medals
Foreign honours

Honorary military appointmentsEdit

Honorary degreesEdit

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MonumentsEdit

Honorific eponymsEdit

Awards
Organisations

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ArmsEdit

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ArchivesEdit

There is a Ramon J. Hnatyshyn fonds at Library and Archives Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Electoral recordEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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