Red River Gorge
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox protected area
The Red River Gorge is a canyon system on the Red River in east-central Kentucky, United States. Geologically it is part of the Pottsville Escarpment.
The gorge lies within the Daniel Boone National Forest and was subsequently designated the Red River Gorge Geological Area, an area of around Template:Convert.<ref name="RRGArea" /> It was designated a National Natural Landmark and National Archaeological District, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name=FSwebpage>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Template:Convert<ref name="CliftyFallsArea">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Clifty Wilderness Area lies entirely within the geological area in the Red River Gorge.
This intricate canyon system features an abundance of high sandstone cliffs, rock shelters, waterfalls, and natural bridges. There are more than 100 natural sandstone arches in the Red River Gorge Geological Area. The multitude of sandstone and cliff-lines helped this area become one of the world's top rock climbing destinations and is home to the Red River Gorge Climbers' Coalition. The area is nicknamed the Red by climbers.<ref>Pegg, Dave. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, USA, UK Climbing, March 2009.</ref>
Kentucky's Natural Bridge State Park is immediately adjacent to this area, featuring one of the largest natural bridges in the Red River Gorge.
The section of the Red River in the upper gorge is also a legally designated Kentucky Wild River by the Kentucky General Assembly through the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Wild Rivers Program.
Because of its unusual and rugged nature, the Red River Gorge features a remarkable variety of ecological zones.
HistoryEdit
Nada TunnelEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Nada Tunnel is a Template:Convert, Template:Convert, and Template:Convert logging tunnel built between 1910 and 1912. Rock and dirt were removed by dynamite, steam drills, and hand tools. One man was killed during tunnel construction when he attempted to thaw frozen dynamite which exploded when he set it near a fire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The tunnel has often been described as the "Gateway to Red River Gorge" for the shortcut it provides motorists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
History of the proposed Red River Gorge DamEdit
The Red River's tendency to flood offered downstream residents much misery. In 1962 the "Great Flood of Clay City," the worst seen in 102 years, moved both government officials and local communities to lobby the Kentucky State Legislature and the Kennedy administration for immediate construction of a flood control dam. The United States Congress ultimately approved the measure and provided funding. The Army Corps of Engineers set about their business of making the structure a reality; however, many felt that such actions would destroy the unique ecosystem residing in the dam inundation area. The Sierra Club spearheaded the formation of a group opposed to the construction of the dam. This group obtained the help of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas by participating in a Dam Protest Hike which drew local and national attention to the situation. The Dam Protest Hike took place on November 18, 1967, at the Clifty Wilderness area junction of Swift Camp Creek and the Red River, Highway 715.
In 1971, the University Press of Kentucky commissioned Wendell Berry, a Kentucky native farmer and author to write a book, The Unforeseen Wilderness, advocating the preservation of the gorge in its natural state.
The struggle of wills lasted several decades, and involved two proposed dam sites. It finally concluded with Red River's entry into the National Wild and Scenic River system on December 3, 1993, when President Bill Clinton signed "H.R.914 - Red River Designation Act of 1993," into law. The bill was sponsored by U.S. Representative Hal Rogers and provides federal protection for a Template:Convert section of the river.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This legislation precluded the construction of any dam on the Red River, helping to preserve the Gorge as it exists today.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Motion picturesEdit
The Red River Gorge's Sky Bridge appears in the 1955 film The Kentuckian, starring and directed by Burt Lancaster.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: tt0048248
| title/{{#if: {{#invoke:ustring|match|1=tt0048248|2=^tt}}
| Template:Trim/
| tttt0048248/
}}
| {{#if: {{#property:P345|from=Q1195488}}
| title/Template:First word/
| find?q=%5B%5B%3ATemplate%3APAGENAMEBASE%5D%5D&s=tt
}}
}}{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:If any equal|main|Q618779|Q67325957|Q33999|value=Template:Wikidata}} | yes
| {{#switch: Template:Wikidata
| Q618779
| Q67325957 = awards Awards for
| Q33999 = fullcredits Full cast and crew of
}}
| {{#if: Template:Wikidata
| {{#switch: Template:Wikidata
| Q63032896
| Q66763446 = fullcredits Full cast and crew of
| Q107974527
| Q482994 = soundtrack Soundtrack of
}}
}}
}} Template:Trim] at {{#if: | IMDb | IMDb }}Template:EditAtWikidata{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:IMDb title with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | description | id | link_hide | qid | quotes | title }}{{#switch: {{#invoke:String2|matchAny|^tt.........|^tt.......|tt|.........|source=tt0048248|plain=false}}| 1 | 3 = Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning| 4 = Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning}}{{#if: tt0048248 {{#property:P345}} || Template:Preview warningTemplate:Main other }}{{#switch: Template:Wikidata
| Q21191270 | Q21664088 | Q50062923 | Q50914552 | Q99079902 | Q123186929 | Q55422400 | Q61220733 =Template:Preview warning | Q3464665 =Template:Preview warning }}{{#ifeq: Template:Wikidata | Q21191270 |Template:Preview warning }}{{#if: tt0048248 | Template:WikidataCheck }}</ref> It was also the first major motion picture filmed in Kentucky.Template:Citation needed
Biology and ecologyEdit
The Red River Gorge Geological Area, including Clifty Wilderness, has a very diverse biology. The Gorge is home to a great variety of wildlife including hawks, owls, woodpeckers, hummingbirds, deer, fox, black bears, and two venomous snakes: the copperhead and the timber rattlesnake. It is also home to several endangered species including the white-haired goldenrod which is found only in Red River Gorge. Experts believe that plants of Canadian origin were established in the Red River Gorge area during the Pliocene-Quaternary glaciation which started about 2.58 million years ago.<ref>Mohlenbrock, Robert H (2006). This land. / A guide to eastern national forests. Template:ISBN, p. 115-116.</ref> These plants grow in the gorge's sheltered canyons and include diverse species such as purple fringed orchid Platanthera psycodes, Canadian lily Lilium canadense, and Canadian yew Taxus canadensis.
ArchaeologyEdit
Rock shelters and other sites in the Red River Gorge Geological Area contain artifacts of prehistoric occupancy by indigenous people, beginning with the Paleoindian period. Rock shelters are particularly valuable as archeological sites because they are protected from weathering related to precipitation. Plant materials and other relics, such as woven mats and leather moccasins that would decompose in more typical sites are well-preserved in the dry, nitrate-rich soils found in rock shelters.<ref name=FSwebpage/><ref name=historicMOA/> Sites in the area yielded some of the earliest evidence of the domestication of plants found in the eastern United States.<ref name=historicMOA/>
The Red River Gorge, Clifty Wilderness, and the Indian Creek area were designated as a National Archaeological District and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.<ref name=FSwebpage/> The National Register district covers Template:Convert of land; as of 2005, it included Template:Convert in the national forest and Template:Convert of private land. It contains 664 known prehistoric and historic sites that date from more than 11,000 years ago to the 20th century; 442 sites are contributing sites in the National Register district.<ref name=historicMOA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Clifty WildernessEdit
Clifty Wilderness is a Template:Convert<ref name="CliftyFallsArea" /> wilderness area contained entirely within the Red River Gorge Geological Area.
RecreationEdit
Rock climbingEdit
The Red River Gorge is a popular destination for rock climbers. The area has numerous cliffs in the gorge and in the surrounding areas. The vast number of bolted routes in overhanging, pocketed sandstone draws climbers from all over the world to "the Red" as it is known. Climbing in the region is often done at many separate small cliffs. Most climbs are a single pitch and most cliffs are less than Template:Cvt tall. There are numerous traditional and sport climbing routes in the region, although the latter are more dominant. Many cliffs lie within Daniel Boone National Forest; however several important cliffs are located on private land and in two privately owned preserves created to allow climbing access:
- Pendergrass-Murray Recreational Preserve is a Template:Convert preserve owned and maintained by Red River Gorge Climbers' Coalition.
- Muir Valley is a Template:Convert nature preserve and rock climbing area owned and maintained by Friends of Muir Valley thanks to a generous donation of land, labor, and resources from Rick and Liz Weber.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A number of climbing guidebooks have been published for the Red River Gorge. First was Red River Gorge Climber's Guide by Frank T Becker in 1975. The explosion of climbing activity since that seminal work led to a succession of other guidebooks, including Rawk! A Climber's Guide to the Red River Gorge by Ed Benjamin and Ed Pearsall, published in 1978, Red River Gorge Climbs by John H. Bronaugh, published in 1993, and Selected Climbs at Red River Gorge Kentucky by Porter Jarrard and Chris Snyder, published in 1997. More recent published guidebooks include Ray Ellington's Red River Gorge Rock Climbs, published in 2005<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with a second edition in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The continued establishment of new routes required the latest edition to the guidebook to become two volumes, Red River Gorge Climbs South<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Red River Gorge Climbs North.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ray Ellington's newest book, Miller Fork Climbing, explores hundreds of routes in the ever-growing Miller Fork Recreational Preserve.<ref name= ":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Miguel's Pizza, a restaurant in Slade, Kentucky, is widely regarded as the hub of climbing culture in the Red River Gorge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most climbing guidebooks and websites use Miguel's as the starting point for directions to climbing areas ("from Miguel's, turn...").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hiking and campingEdit
The Red River Gorge is also known for its hiking trails that range in difficulty from beginner to advanced. Over Template:Cvt of trails, open only to hiking, are maintained by the Forest Service and are located throughout the park (some trails are designated for horses).
There are many campgrounds in the area. Primitive camping, also known as backpack camping, is permitted in the gorge if the camper(s) obtains an overnight permit. Camping is not permitted within Template:Cvt of any road or designated trail. No camping in rock shelters or within Template:Cvt of the base of any cliff.
One of the most popular destinations is Gray's Arch, one of the many natural arches in the park. Gray's Arch is accessible via the Gray's Arch Loop hiking trail (Template:Cvt), hikers can scramble up the back side of the arch, although this activity is considered extremely dangerous and can lead to injury or death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Gladie Visitor CenterEdit
The Daniel Boone National Forest Gladie Visitor Center is located in the Red River Gorge in Slade, Kentucky.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The center features interpretive exhibits about the area's geology, natural history and cultural history. Visitors can get maps, information about trails, camping and other activities.
GalleryEdit
- Creation falls.JPG
Creation Falls
- RRG Rock Bridge.JPG
Rock Bridge
- Skybridge arch -Red River Gorge.jpg
Sky Bridge
- Courthouse Rock Kentucky.jpg
Courthouse Rock
- Red River Gorge Nada Tunnel.jpg
By the east entrance of the Nada Tunnel
- Rock Bridge Underside, Red River Gorge, Kentucky, USA.jpg
Underside of the Rock Bridge Natural Arch.
- Panorama photograph of the top of Natural Bridge, Red River Gorge, Kentucky, USA.jpg
Panoramic view of the top of the Natural Bridge arch.
- Photograph of the Sky Bridge within the Red River Gorge, Kentucky, USA.jpg
Underside of the Sky Bridge natural arch.
ReferencesEdit
Template:Portal Template:Reflist
External linksEdit
- KY Wilderness
- Powell County Tourism
- Search & Rescue
- Template:Usurped
- Red River Gorge at American Byways
- Red River Gorge Climbers' Coalition
- Red River Gorge Geologic Area
- Red River Gorge at USDA Forest Service: Daniel Boone National Forest
- Red Wild and Scenic River at National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
- Volunteers Red River Gorge Trail Crew
Template:Protected areas of Kentucky Template:EMCF Attractions Template:NRHP