Retama

Retama (also known as rotem, Template:Langx) is a genus of flowering bushes in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the broom tribe, Genisteae.<ref name="Cardoso1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Retama broom bushes are found natively in North Africa, the Levant and some parts of southern Europe. Retama raetam and Retama monosperma have white flowers, while Retama sphaerocarpa has yellow flowers. It remains an open question in taxonomy whether the members of the genus Retama should be incorporated into the genus Genista (see Genisteae).

The species contain cytisine, a toxic alkaloid.

In the Spanish language the name retama is commonly used for broom bushes in general, including the genus Retama.

Taxonomy

The genus Retama was erected in 1838 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the genus name being derived from Hebrew, from the Jewish Bible. Rafinesque noted that the genus had been included in other genera, including Spartium, Cytisus and Genista, but he regarded it as distinct.<ref name=Rafi38>Template:Citation</ref>

The name Lygos was once used for Retama;<ref>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-Of-Doors and Under Glass, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 410.</ref><ref>European Environment Agency, Thermo-mediterranean (Lygos raetam) brush</ref><ref>Hanelt P. & Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (eds.), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Springer Verlag, Germany, 2001, p. 924</ref> it is now a rejected name (nomen rejiciendum) in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.<ref>Template:GRIN</ref> Michel Adanson described and classified the genus referencing to the Greek plant "lygos" and to Pedanius Dioscorides.<ref>Adanson M. (1763) Familles des Plantes, Paris, vol. 2, pp. 321, 573. Note: In p. 573 the name is printed as “Lugos”.</ref> In the ancient Greek language, lygos (λύγος) was the name of the plant Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree)<ref>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</ref> or willow or other plants with pliant twigs.<ref>Composition of scientific words: a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics, Brown, Roland Wilbur, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979 p. 856.</ref> The same word (in some cases Latinized as Lygus) was used in botany and zoology for various taxonomic groups as a component of names, e.g. Lygodysodea, Lygisyum, Lygistum, Lygodesmia etc.<ref>George Don, A general history of the Dichlamydeous plants, London, 1834, vol. 3, p. 483, 560.</ref><ref>Brown, p. 485: Lygus oblineatus (bug).</ref>

Retama is traditionally placed in the tribe Genisteae, and in the subfamily Papilionoideae in the 2017 classification of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).

Species

The number of species in the genus and their circumscription varies. Template:As of, Plants of the World Online, based on the African Plant Database, accepted the following species:<ref name=POWO_331900-2>Template:Citation</ref>

• Retama dasycarpa Coss.
• Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss.
• Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.
• Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb & Berthel.) Webb & Berthel.
• Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss.

R. rhodorhizoides is included in R. monosperma by some sources,<ref name="TPL_ild-8461">Template:Citation</ref> and has been identified as R. raetam by others.<ref name=APD_225962/> When recognized as a separate species, it is restricted to the Canary Islands.<ref name=POWO_517089-1/>

• Colletes on Retama 1.jpg

  Female bee (Colletes sp.) collecting nectar from a Retama raetam flower, Holot Mash'abim, Northern Negev, Israel

Cultural significance

Retama may be mentioned in the Bible, in I Kings 19:4, Psalms 120:4, and Job 30:4, under the name rotem (Heb. רוֹתֶם/רֹתֶם). According to multiple Jewish biblical commentators, Retama is used in the Bible as a symbol of slander, as, when burnt, its embers will remain hot long after they turn black.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, this translation is contested, with other commentators translating the word as "juniper".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>