Reuben Swinburne Clymer
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Reuben Swinburne Clymer (November 25, 1878 - June 3, 1966) was an American occultist and modern Rosicrucian Supreme Grand Master of the FRC (Fraternitas Rosae Crucis), perhaps the oldest continuing Rosicrucian organization in the Americas.<ref name="Greer">"Fraternitas Rosae Crucis [FRC]" in The Element Encyclopedia of Secret Societies: The Ultimate A–Z of Ancient Mysteries, Lost Civilizations and Forgotten Wisdom by John Michael Greer, HarperCollins UK, p.122</ref><ref name="Melton-Clymer">"Clymer, R(euben) Swinburne" in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Fifth Edition, ed. J. Gordon Melton, Gale group, vol 1, p.304-305</ref><ref name="Melton-FRC">"Fraternitas Rosae Crucis" in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Fifth Edition, ed. J. Gordon Melton, Gale group, vol 1, p.599-600</ref><ref name="Melton-Rosicrucians">"Rosicrucians, Modern Rosicrucianism" in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Fifth Edition, ed. J. Gordon Melton, Gale group, vol 2, p. 1327-1328</ref> He practiced alternative medicine, and wrote and published works on it as well as (his version of) the teachings of Paschal Beverly Randolph (1825-1875), alchemy, nutrition, religion, sex magic and spiritualism. This led to a number of conflicts with Harvey Spencer Lewis (1883-1939) and the AMORC (Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis), FUDOSI, Aleister Crowley, and even the American Medical Association.
LifeEdit
Clymer was born in Quakertown, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine in Chicago, Illinois, and registered as an osteopath in New York in 1910.<ref name="Melton-Clymer" /> His work with alternative medicine regularly brought him into trouble with the United States government and the American Medical Association (AMA).<ref name="Melton-Cults">Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America by J. Gordon Melton, Routledge, p.99-100</ref> Clymer was investigated by the AMA's Journal Bureau of Investigation in 1923.<ref name="JAMA">R. Swinburne Clymer. (1923). Journal of the American Medical Association 81 (24): 2051-2052.</ref> They commented that "our records fail to show that this man ever regularly graduated by any reputable medical college."<ref name="JAMA"/> Clymer was listed as a graduate of the "Independent Medical College" in Chicago, 1898. However, this was a diploma mill which sold diplomas to anyone.<ref name="JAMA"/>
Clymer operated the "International Academy of the Natural and Sacred Science" from Union City, Michigan, which offered a course in the "Natural System of Healing".<ref name="JAMA"/> This was a mail-order scheme and the degrees "M.D. and "D.O." were sold. Clymer was also involved with a school known as "The Philosophers of the Living Fire" which offered a mail-order scheme to obtain bogus degrees. A fraud order was issued by the United States postal authorities against the school "for obtaining additional sums of money from credulous persons."<ref name="JAMA"/>
As an osteopath, he opposed vaccination,<ref name="Walloch">"A Hot Bed of the Anti-vaccine Heresy": Opposition to Compulsory Vaccination in Boston and Cambridge, 1890-1905Template:Dead link by Karen Walloch, ProQuest, p.177Template:Dead link and p.273Template:Dead link</ref> and claimed that meat was the primary cause of cancer, and (especially when combined with beans, bread, potatoes, and beer) immorality and insanity.<ref name="Weaver">"Rosicrucian chili" in Thirty-five Receipts from "The Larder Invaded" by William Woys Weaver, Library Company of Phil, p. 85</ref>
Clymer promoted a pescatarian diet. He opposed the consumption of red meat which he believed was toxic. In 1917, The Rose Cross Aid Cook Book was authored by Clara Witt which conformed to the dietary advice of Clymer and reflected Rosicrucian theology.<ref>Hines, Mary Anne; Marshall, Gordon M; Weaver, William Woys. (1987). The Larder Invaded: Reflections on Three Centuries of Philadelphia Food and Drink. The Library Company of Philadelphia. p. 112. Template:ISBN</ref> In 1919, Clymer authored Diet: The Way to Health. He commented that "Meat, of any nature, is entirely unnecessary for either the maintenance of health or for the restoration to health of those who have become weak and ill. Fish and other sea food, milk and other dairy products, and eggs, will take the place of meat, and these do not contain the unhealthy ingredients or the acids and toxins contained in meat."<ref>Clymer, R. Swinburne. (1919). Diet: The Way to Health. Quakertown, Pa. p. 57</ref>
Randolph and the FRCEdit
Clymer joined the FRC in 1897,<ref name="Melton-Cults" /><ref name="Melton-Clymer" /> becoming a grand master of it in 1905<ref name="Melton-Clymer" /> at age 27.<ref name="Reynolds">Secret Societies by John Lawrence Reynolds, Skyhorse publishing, p.175-176</ref>
In either 1900<ref name="Melton-Clymer" /> or 1904, Clymer got into publishing with his Philosophical Publishing Company, which he used to keep Paschal Beverly Randolph's books in print<ref name="Melton-Cults" /> well into the 20th century.<ref name="Deveney">Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician by John Patrick Deveney, SUNY press, p.140-143</ref> Clymer was deeply influenced by Randolph, of whom he created a hagiographic (and mostly fictitious) history. Clymer claimed that his occult orders were founded by Randolph (although many were completely unrelated), tying their already mostly fictional histories together under Randolph,<ref name="Deveney" /> particularly the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light orders in Quakertown.<ref name="Godwin">The Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor by Joscelyn Godwin, Christian Chanel, and John Patrick Deveney, Weiser books, p.67</ref>
Clymer created a more consistent and palatable belief system from Randolph's thoughts, cleaning up the problematic sex magic practices Randolph espoused at times, as well as Randolph's self-contradictions on numerous points. The pseudo-history assembled by Clymer cast Randolph as the legitimate heir of an ancient Rosicrucian tradition in America. This was accomplished by turning many people Randolph mentioned running into members of various occult organizations secretly connected to ancient Egyptian Rosicrucians, known members into masters of groups they were members of, and an unknown young man who met Eliphas Levi into none other than a young Randolph. If Clymer lacked a starting point or could not fill a plot hole, he claimed that such gaps were the result of the destruction of records by enemies of Randolph's (and Clymer's) Fraternitas. In addition to the standard claims of Western Occultism of ties to famous Neoplatonists, alchemists, magicians, Clymer also connected Randolph's "order" to Abraham Lincoln, Napoleon III, Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, Papus, Albert Pike, and the Count of St. Germain. Although Clymer apparently believed his biography of Randolph to be absolutely historical, it is understood now to be largely fictitious.<ref name="Deveney" />
According to Clymer, Randolph founded the FRC in 1858, with control passing onto Freeman Dowd in 1875, then Edward Brown in 1907, then Clymer in 1922.<ref name="Greer" /><ref name="Melton-FRC" /> Unlike a number of fraternal orders (particularly the Shriners), Clymer explicitly denied that Rosicrucians had any special ornamentation or jewelry.<ref name="Reynolds" /> As a result, the FRC is noted for its lack of self-promotion and advertising.<ref name="Melton-Rosicrucians" />
Other organizations founded by Clymer include the Church of Illumination, the College of the Holy Grail, and the Sons of Isis and Osiris.<ref name="Drury">"Clymer, Reuben Swinburne" in The Watkins Dictionary of Magic by Nevill Drury, p.150; also The Dictionary of the Esoteric by Nevill Drury, Motilal Banarsidass, p.52</ref> The Church of Illumination serves as an outer body for the FRC, spreading its teachings under the name of "Divine Law" in hopes of bringing about a new era through symbolic alchemy.<ref name="Melton-Cults" /><ref name="Melton-CoI">"Church of Illumination" in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Fifth Edition, ed. J. Gordon Melton, Gale group, vol 1, p.299</ref>
Rivalry with Harvey Spencer Lewis and AMORCEdit
Clymer's claim to being the true leader of American Rosicrucianism put Clymer in direct competition with Harvey Spencer Lewis, founder of the AMORC (Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis).<ref name="Greer" /><ref name="Churton">The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians by Tobias Churton, Inner Traditions, p.506-507</ref> This competition was turned to bitter rivalry thanks to disagreement on the role of sex in magic, both sides accusing the other of perverse teachings, while holding that the sexual practices they advocated were enlightened and pure.<ref name="McIntosh">The Rosucrucians by Christopher McIntosh, Weiser books, p. 128-129</ref> Clymer's views, largely lifted from Randolph, were that bodily fluids produced by a married couple needed to be regularly exchanged for the physical and spiritual health of each partner.<ref name="Melton-Randolph">"Randolph, Paschal Beverly" in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Fifth Edition, ed. J. Gordon Melton, Gale group, vol 2, p.1283-1284</ref>
Clymer and Lewis competed for the attention of different national branches of the OTO (Ordo Templi Orientis) for official ties, with both finding comparable success and neither being able to use their ties to the O.T.O. to claim legitimacy over the other. When Lewis co-founded FUDOSI (which recognized Lewis's AMORC as the true heirs of American Rosicrucianism), Clymer co-founded FUDOFSI<ref name="Churton" /><ref name="Hanegraff-Gnostic">"Gnostic Church" in Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. Wouter Hanegraaff, Brill Publishers, p.400-403</ref><ref name="Hanegraff-Martinism">"Martinism: second period" in Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. Wouter Hanegraaff, Brill Publishers, p.780-783</ref><ref name="Hanegraff-Rosicrucianism">"Rosicrucianism III: 19th-20th Century" in Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. Wouter Hanegraaff, Brill Publishers, p.1018-1020</ref> with Constant Chevillon<ref name="Hanegraff-Gnostic" /> and Jean Bricaud<ref name="Hanegraff-Martinism" /> (which favored Clymer's FRC),<ref name="Churton" /> and claimed that Lewis's FUDOSI was a failed and mistaken grab at legitimization. In response to these attacks, AMORC published material calling Clymer's ideas "some of the weirdest notions that a human mind ever harboured," further pointing out that his positions were "self-appointed and self-devised." Clymer retaliated by raising suspicion about Lewis's doctorate,<ref name="McIntosh" /> accusing Lewis of hocking inauthentic works, and (due to Lewis's association with Aleister Crowley) practicing black magic. Crowley initially responded by offering to help Lewis fight Clymer, though Crowley's later attempt to claim control of Lewis's AMORC resulted in a rift between them.<ref name="Churton" />
The American rivalry eventually created a rift in European Rosicrucianism as well.<ref name="Hanegraff-Rosicrucianism" />
Later lifeEdit
By 1939, Lewis's death and legal attacks by the American Medical Association brought the rivalry between Clymer and AMORC to an end. Clymer continued to practice alternative medicine<ref name="Greer" /> and lead the FRC until his death in 1966, when he was succeeded by his son Emerson Myron Clymer (October 16, 1909 - October 4, 1983).<ref name="Melton-Clymer" /><ref name="Greer" />
WritingsEdit
Clymer's more popular writings include A Compendium of Occult Law, Mysteries of Osiris, and The Rosicrucian Fraternity in America (2 vols., 1935-1936).<ref name="Drury" /> The Rosicrucian Fraternity in America, with emphasis on a single fraternity, was an attack on AMORC and Lewis.<ref name="Churton" />
He also translated some works of Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, though changing Sinistrari's incubi and succubi to elementals and suggesting that the virgin birth of Jesus was the result of a Salamander impregnating Mary.<ref name="Leavy">In Search of the Swan Maiden: A Narrative on Folklore and Gender by Barbara Fass Leavy and Daniel G. Calder, NYU Press, p. 180</ref>
Clymer wrote books on nutrition (such as Dietetics and Diet, the Way to Health), as well as authorizing a Rose Cross Aid cookbook.<ref name="Weaver" /> In 1904, he wrote an anti-vaccinationist pamphlet titled Vaccination Brought Home to You, which documented two cases of children's bad reactions to vaccines.<ref name="Walloch" /> A review by the Cleveland Medical and Surgical Reporter noted that "the statements of the author are made so manifestly from the stand-point of rank prejudice that they do not deserve the name of arguments."<ref>Vaccination Brought Home to You. (1904). Cleveland Medical and Surgical Reporter 12: 312.</ref>
LegacyEdit
Clymer's involvement in new religious movements, the drama that invariably followed Clymer and similar leaders (such as Father Divine), inspired a number of early 20th century detective stories, such as Dashiell Hammett's The Dain Curse.<ref name="Dover">Making the Detective Story American by J.K. Van Dover, McFarland, p.22 and p.25</ref>
Clymer's works are also standard reading for American Rosicrucians, and his interest in medicine is continued by the FRC to this day, with the Beverly Hall headquarters housing chiropractic and naturopathic clinics.<ref name="Melton-Cults" /> His prolific writing about Paschal Beverly Randolph and his teachings remain influential in the study of Randolph, in part because little is known about Randolph.<ref name="Deveney" />