Rhodri Morgan

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Harvard University* Interim government

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Early life and educationEdit

Hywel Rhodri Morgan was born at Mrs Gill's Nursing Home in Roath,Template:Efn Cardiff on 29 September 1939.<ref name="OxfordBiography">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was the younger of two children born to the Welsh writer and academic Thomas John (T.J.) Morgan and his wife Huana Morgan (née Rees), a writer and schoolteacher.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan was born into a Welsh-speaking academic family.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His native language was Welsh, though he later became fluent in English, French and German as well.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> His mother was one of the first women to study at University College, Swansea (now Swansea University), where she read Welsh.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1" /> She became a schoolteacher in Rhymney before settling in Radyr after her retirement.<ref name=":3" /> Morgan's father also read Welsh at University College, Swansea, before reading Old Irish at University College, Dublin (UCD).<ref name=":2" /> He became a Welsh language lecturer at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (now Cardiff University) and a Welsh language professor at University College, Swansea,<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> where he also served as the vice-principal.<ref name=":1" /> He met Huana at the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1926 and they married in 1935.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":2" /> Their first child, Morgan's brother Prys Morgan, was born in Cardiff in 1937.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He would grow up to become a history professor at Swansea University.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Morgan was also related to the academic Garel Rhys, who was his second cousin.<ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" />

Childhood and educationEdit

Morgan was raised with his brother Prys in the village of Radyr in outer Cardiff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Until the age of 21, he lived with his family at 32 Heol Isaf,<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /> in a house which sat on the main road of the village beside what is now a Methodist church.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /> Morgan was born in the first month of World War II, and the conflict had a great presence in his life during his early childhood.<ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp He retained vivid memories of air raid sirens and prisoners of war into adulthood.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> He also had a lifelong love for gardening which began when he watched his father grow vegetables for the wartime dig for victory campaign.<ref name=":24">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":16">Template:Cite news</ref> Radyr did, however, avoid the conflict's worst hardships.<ref name=":5" /> Morgan had a mostly positive childhood, however he was often ill as an infant, and he almost died from pneumonia in 1942.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp As a child, Morgan was nicknamed "fuzzy" by his family and friends for his curly, frizzy hair.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1944, Morgan started attending Radyr Primary School. Having begun his education near the end of World War II, Morgan found his class in the first year of primary school was mostly populated by evacuees.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /> In 2005, Morgan remarked that the school was "like the League of Nations" because of the refugees and evacuees in Radyr.<ref name=":4" /> The school was populated by a combination of evacuees and children from Radyr and Morganstown, another village in Cardiff,<ref name=":6" /> with the children from Morganstown accounting for 66% of its population.<ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /> At the time, other children from Radyr would instead be sent to The Cathedral School in Llandaff, which was a private school.<ref name=":5" /> Morgan showed signs of intelligence at school, and he would be tracked two academic years ahead of his peers, sharing classes with his older brother Prys.<ref name=":5" /> He finished primary school in 1950 and passed his eleven-plus examination.<ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" /><ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref> He attended Whitchurch Grammar School, becoming one of the few children from Radyr to attend a school in Whitchurch at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the grammar school, Morgan achieved high results in most subjects but science.<ref name=":7" /> He finished his secondary education there in 1957<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> after winning a place at St John's College, Oxford on an open exhibition for the study of modern languages.<ref name=":5" />

At Oxford, Morgan studied modern languages for two academic terms before becoming disinterested in the subject and changing his subject to philosophy, politics and economics (PPE).<ref name=":5" /><ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Morgan disliked the formal and ostentatious atmosphere of Oxford, and he later said he "had more respect for a semi-retired porter … than for the college president".<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp Morgan graduated from Oxford in 1961. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with second class honours in PPE.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Morgan's American friends from his time at Oxford convinced him to apply for a place at Harvard University.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite news</ref> His second class honours was enough to secure him a place at Harvard to read a Master of Arts degree in government.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Morgan's studies in the United States were paid for through a scholarship.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He graduated from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences with a Master of Arts degree in government in 1963,<ref name=":15">Template:Cite news</ref> before coming back to the United Kingdom in that year's summer.<ref name=":5" />

Early political involvementEdit

Morgan's interest in politics began when he was eleven or twelve years old.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":8" /> He had convinced his mother to take him to a local political meeting. At the meeting he saw Dorothy Rees, the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Barry, shouted down by public school pupils who supported the Conservative Party, which made her cry.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Morgan later recalled thinking: "I'm going to nail those bastards".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> He was an active member of the Oxford University Labour Club<ref name=":12">Template:Cite news</ref> and is said to have discouraged other students at Oxford from joining Plaid Cymru.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp By the time Morgan finished his studies at Harvard, he had decided to pursue his political interests practically rather than academically.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> He joined the Labour Party in December 1963, where he became a member of the constituency Labour Party for Cardiff South East.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name=":9" />Template:Rp

Early careerEdit

Morgan returned to the United Kingdom in the summer of 1963, where he took up his first job as a tutor organiser for the Workers' Educational Association (WEA),<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /> which was then a training ground for future Labour Party MPs.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> He was responsible for organising the association's tutors in South Wales.<ref name=":12" /> In December, Morgan attended a local Labour Party meeting where he met Labour activists Julie Edwards and Neil Kinnock, the future leader of the Labour Party.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name=":1" /> In the same month, Morgan moved into a flat in Cardiff, which he shared with Kinnock and two other local Labour Party activists until 1965.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name=":1" /> Together, the flatmates engaged in anti-apartheid activism.<ref name=":14" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1964 general election, Morgan campaigned with Edwards, Kinnock and Kinnock's partner Glenys in support of James Callaghan, the Labour MP for Cardiff South East who later became prime minister.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":13" /> Morgan pursued a relationship with Edwards and after three years of campaigning together they married on 22 April 1967.<ref name=":5" /> They had their first child, Mari, in 1968, and a second child, Siani, in 1969.<ref name=":7" /> They also had an adopted son, Stuart, who was born in 1969 or 1970.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1966, Morgan was considered for selection as the Labour Party's prospective parliamentary candidate for Cardiff North, though he was ultimately not selected.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> At the time, Morgan did not have a strong interest in a parliamentary career,<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> and whilst Kinnock and other former WEA workers quickly became MPs, he instead wanted to spend time with his family.<ref name=":5" /> By the time of the 1970 general election he had a wife and three children, and he may have believed that a parliamentary career and its instabilities would take too much time away from them.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> He left the WEA in 1965, taking up jobs as a research officer for Cardiff City Council, the Welsh Office and the Department of the Environment in that order,<ref name=":12" /> remaining in this field of work until 1971.<ref name=":5" /> At the Welsh Office, Morgan authored documents to expand the M4 motorway through parts of South Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also contributed to the creation of the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre in Wales, as well as the relocation of the Royal Mint and a part of the Inland Revenue to Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition to his work as a research officer at Cardiff City Council, Morgan was also a junior town planner.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name="CardiffHalfandHalf" />Template:Rp He reported to the Cardiff City Planning Department.<ref name=":15" /> In 1972, Morgan became a civil servant at the Department of Trade and Industry<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> where he worked for Christopher Chataway as an economic adviser.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp He remained at the department until 1974.<ref name=":15" /> In 1974, Morgan became the industrial development officer for South Glamorgan County Council, which he said was his "dream job".<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp He stopped working for the council in 1980.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> From 1980 to 1987 Morgan worked at the European Commission's Office for Wales as the head of its press and information bureau.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /> His ability to speak German, Welsh and French proved useful.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> In this role, he was the highest paid civil servant in Wales.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite book</ref>

Morgan's work had permitted him to keep living in Cardiff while staying politically active as a neutral civil servant.<ref name=":5" /> However, he was still interested in partisan politics, and he was thinking about standing as an MP.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="OxfordBiography" /> In 1985, Morgan decided to stand for parliament after his wife was elected as a councillor for South Glamorgan County Council.<ref name=":5" /> James Callaghan had announced his plans to retire from his seat, Cardiff South and Penarth, at the next general election, and Morgan intended to take over from Callaghan as Labour's candidate for the seat.<ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp However, another contender had already been promised local support by the Labour Party. Morgan was encouraged to seek selection in the seat of Cardiff West instead.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> He was successfully nominated for selection as Labour's candidate in Cardiff West, beating contenders such as Ivor Richard, the United Kingdom's former ambassador to the United Nations, where he would stand in the 1987 general election.<ref name=":12" />

Parliamentary careerEdit

File:CardiffWestConstituency.svg

In the 1987 general election, Morgan was elected to represent the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff West, displayed above in red

In the 1987 general election, Morgan was elected as the Labour MP for Cardiff West, defeating the incumbent Conservative MP Stefan Terlezki, who had been elected in the 1983 general election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan won the seat with a majority of 4,045 votes (9.1%).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He increased his majority to 9,291 (20.3%) in the 1992 general election<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and 15,628 (38.8%) in the 1997 general election.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was sponsored by the Transport and General Workers' Union<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and shared an office at Transport House with Alun Michael, the Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth, following their election to parliament in 1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was joined in parliament by his wife Julie following the 1997 general election, when she was elected as the Labour MP for Cardiff North.<ref name=":26">Template:Cite news</ref>

Morgan made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 8 July 1987, during a debate on a Finance Bill.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The media developed a liking for Morgan; The Times reviewed the maiden speeches of the 1987 parliamentary intake and placed Morgan's maiden speech into joint-first place.<ref name=":5" /> He established a reputation for being a "maverick" and a witty and outspoken "loose-cannon".<ref name=":18">Template:Cite news</ref> In line with the majority of backbench MPs from Wales,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan aligned himself with the soft left of the Labour Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp He was associated with the "Riverside Mafia", a group of soft left Labour councillors in South Glamorgan County Council which included Mark Drakeford, Jane Hutt, Sue Essex and Morgan's wife Julie.<ref name=":9" />Template:Rp Morgan's main interests as an MP were industrial policy, regional policy, regional development, health, European affairs, the environment, and the conservation of wild life, particularly marine life and birds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He also had an interest in freedom of information.<ref name=":7" />

Cardiff Bay Barrage campaignEdit

An early challenge for Morgan during his parliamentary career was the controversial Cardiff Bay Barrage project. Mark Drakeford and Jane Hutt were suspended by the leadership of the Labour group in South Glamorgan County Council for opposing the scheme.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":9" />Template:Rp The council had been promoting the project with the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, with both organisations claiming that the barrage would regenerate the Cardiff Docklands. Its opponents, meanwhile, claimed that it would be costly and potentially damaging to the environment.<ref name=":19">Template:Cite news</ref> Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock and Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth Alun Michael, whose constituency included the site where the new bay would be formed, both supported the project.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite news</ref> However, the constituency Labour Party for Cardiff West, Morgan's own constituency, had voted to oppose the barrage, and the local Labour Party branches for Riverside and Canton were also against it.<ref name=":20" />

On 3 July 1989, Morgan announced his opposition to the barrage, stating that it was wrong "to subject my constituents to disturbance for something of extremely doubtful value".<ref name=":21">Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan was concerned about the differing opinions from geologists on the barrage's possible effects.<ref name=":21" /> He was a naturalist who found the bay's mudflats to be of value, and he believed that damming it could cause a permanent increase in drainage, damp and rot.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":12" /> Morgan also believed that the barrage could flood Cardiff West,<ref name=":18" /> with the constituency having had a history of damaging floods as recent as 1979.<ref name=":19" /> He became the spokesman for a group of Labour councillors in Cardiff City Council and South Glamorgan County Council who opposed the project,<ref name=":19" /> and in parliament he led a five year campaign against the bill which would allow for its construction.<ref name=":12" /> Using parliamentary procedure and filibusters, Morgan was able to delay the construction of the barrage until the Conservative government finally pushed the bill through parliament in 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":12" /> Morgan's campaign against the bill generated animosity between him and Alun Michael, who had supported the barrage, and it made him appear less trustworthy to the more centrist-leaning elements of the Labour Party.<ref name=":12" /> In 1993, Morgan warned John Redwood, the Welsh secretary, that a Labour government might stop the construction of the barrage before its completion. This prompted Michael to state that he was "fed up" with Morgan's "outrageous and irresponsible nonsense", adding that his remarks could deter employers from coming to Cardiff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Shadow ministerial careerEdit

In his first year in parliament, Morgan worked on standing committees for the Finance Bill, the Housing Bill and the Steel Privatisation Bill.<ref name=":5" /> Labour leader Neil Kinnock rewarded Morgan for this work<ref name=":5" /> by appointing him to Labour's shadow energy team on 10 November 1988.<ref name=":29">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":30">Template:Cite news</ref> He became a junior shadow minister for energy, where he was given responsibility for Labour's response to the government's electricity privatisation policy. When taking the role, Morgan said he intended to scrutinise the government's plans for electricity privatisation as he found "no virtues in converting a public monopoly into a private sector monopoly" and wanted to find "a better deal for consumers".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During Morgan's tenure, the shadow energy team opposed electricity privatisation.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite news</ref> He spoke beyond his brief, asking why Wales received less investment than Cornwall and Devon and exploring a now disproven conspiracy theory<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> that the Spandau prisoner believed to be Nazi German deputy Führer Rudolf Hess was an imposter.<ref name=":12" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the shadow energy team, Morgan initially worked under Tony Blair, the shadow secretary of state for energy from 1988 to 1989.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name=":31">Template:Cite news</ref> He then worked under Frank Dobson, the shadow energy secretary from 1989 to 1992.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":32">Template:Cite book</ref> According to The Independent, Morgan and Blair worked "harmoniously" together.<ref name=":16" /> In contrast, the New Statesman said Morgan "antagonised [Blair] at every step".<ref name=":33">Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan himself believed that he was "highly regarded" by Blair.<ref name=":22" /> He supported Blair's attempt to get elected to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party in 1992 and voted for Blair during his campaign for the Labour leadership in 1994, which he won.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":22" />

File:Rhodri Morgan in 1992 (different crop).jpg

Morgan in 1992. He served as a shadow minister for Welsh affairs from 1992 to 1997

On 30 July 1992, the recently elected Labour leader John Smith appointed Morgan as a shadow minister for Welsh affairs.<ref name=":34">Template:Cite news</ref> He remained in this post after Tony Blair became Labour leader in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":23">Template:Cite news</ref> At first, Morgan worked under Ann Clwyd, the shadow secretary of state for Wales from July 1992 to November 1992.<ref name=":34" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He then worked under Ron Davies, the shadow welsh secretary from November 1992, serving as his deputy.<ref name=":9" />Template:Rp He was also given responsibility for Labour's health policy in Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the Welsh affairs brief, Morgan targeted quangos in Wales for their alleged cronyism, unaccountability and lack of democracy.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9" />Template:Rp These quangos were unelected, publicly funded organisations whose leaders were appointed by the Conservative government.<ref name=":35">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":9" />Template:Rp Under John Redwood's tenure as Welsh secretary, the Welsh Office was criticised for presiding over a large increase over the amount of quangos in the country, with people sympathetic to the Conservative Party often appointed to lead them. In 1979, there were 44 quangos in Wales. By 1994, there were 111.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Quangos came to dominate Wales.<ref name=":12" /> In 1994, Morgan claimed that government plans would result in there being more people sitting on quangos than local councillors in the country.<ref name=":35" /> He refused to vote for the Welsh Language Act 1993; the act's main purpose was to set up a new quango called the Welsh Language Board. Morgan said Labour would abstain on the act "because we hope to have the opportunity before long to do the job properly. That will be done when we revisit the question of a Welsh language measure when we are in Government."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When William Hague was Welsh secretary, Morgan staged a protest with other Welsh Labour MPs outside the 1996 Conservative Party Conference, where he claimed that the total cost of the quangos in Wales had reached £51.5 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

To tackle the cost of the Welsh quangos, Morgan stated in 1996 that a devolved Welsh Assembly established by a Labour government would combine four quangos, the Welsh Development Agency, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, the Development Board for Rural Wales and the Land Authority for Wales to create an "economic powerhouse".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The idea of establishing a devolved Welsh Assembly had been supported by Morgan, who was one of its leading proponents.<ref name=":36">Template:Cite news</ref> He was involved in talks with the upper ranks of the Labour Party on devolution,<ref name=":5" /> becoming an important figure in drawing up its devolution policy for Wales.<ref name=":9" />Template:Rp In the Welsh affairs brief, he campaigned for Welsh devolution,<ref name=":10" /> helping move the proposal for a Welsh Assembly further up the Labour Party's policy platform.<ref name=":37">Template:Cite book</ref> He was a member of the Campaign for the Welsh Assembly<ref name=":37" /> and supported Wales Labour Action, a pressure group within the Labour Party that called for the establishment of a Welsh Assembly.<ref name=":41">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Morgan's opposition to the Welsh quangos, as well as his attempts to stop the construction of the Cardiff Bay Barrage, alienated the traditionalists within the Labour Party in Wales. These actions also made him a known troublemaker towards the Welsh political establishment. In Cardiff, Morgan faced hostility from the local political establishment in the Labour Party.<ref name=":9" />Template:Rp He ultimately found the 1992–1997 parliament more challenging than the previous parliament.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> He had a difficult relationship with some of Tony Blair's inner circle,<ref name=":5" /> including his close confidant Alun Michael and his closest adviser Peter Mandelson.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":36" />

Return to the backbenchesEdit

In the 1997 general election, the Labour Party secured a landslide victory against the Conservative Party, returning to government after 18 years in opposition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan had been aspiring to become a government minister since at least 1994,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and when Labour returned to government he was expected to be given a role in the Welsh Office as a junior minister.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="guardian" /> However, in what was viewed as a surprising decision, Prime Minister Tony Blair refused to give Morgan a role in the government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":38">Template:Cite news</ref> Ron Davies, the Welsh secretary in the new government, had wanted to keep Morgan in his team as a junior minister, but Blair refused to appoint him to such a role.<ref name=":252">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp At the time, Blair's official explanation was that Morgan, aged 57, was too old for a ministerial career.<ref name=":22" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in a 2017 interview with BBC News, Blair revealed that he did not appoint Morgan to the government because they disagreed on policy, adding that he viewed himself as a progressive politician bringing change while he viewed Morgan as a traditionalist.<ref name=":38" /> Morgan returned to the backbenches<ref name=":252" />Template:Rp where he was elected chair of the House of Commons Public Administration Committee as a consolation prize.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In his later parliamentary career as a backbencher, Morgan provoked the Labour government for its hesitance to ban the advertising of cigarettes, its unenthusiastic approach to freedom of information and for the party's parliamentary selection process.<ref name=":12" />

Welsh Labour leadership campaignsEdit

Labour's election manifesto for the 1997 general election included a commitment to hold a devolution referendum in Wales to determine whether to establish a devolved Welsh assembly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, Morgan campaigned for the Yes vote.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was also considering standing for election to the assembly if the referendum passed.<ref name=":36" /> The referendum resulted in a narrow majority in favour, which led to the passing of the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the formation of the devolved National Assembly for Wales in 1999. Morgan decided to put his name forward as Labour's candidate for the assembly seat of Cardiff West, which had the same name and boundaries as his seat in the House of Commons. He was subsequently identified as a likely contender to become the first leader of the assembly, known as the First Secretary of Wales.<ref name=":40">Template:Cite news</ref>

Following the result of the 1997 devolution referendum, Morgan immediately decided to run for the leadership of the Labour Party in Wales.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> This meant that he was also running to become the inaugural first secretary of Wales, as Labour was expected to win the most seats in the first election to the assembly.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Leading the assembly had been a long-held ambition of Morgan's.<ref name=":45">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":41" />Template:Rp However, the favourite to become first secretary was the Welsh secretary Ron Davies, who was viewed as the architect of the government's plans for the devolved assembly.<ref name=":39">Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1998, Davies announced his intention to stand for a seat in the assembly and run for the post of first secretary.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan then called for a leadership election to determine who the party's candidate for first secretary would be.<ref name=":43">Template:Cite news</ref> Senior figures in the Labour Party in Wales feared that a leadership election could split the party and instead preferred to avoid an election, with Davies running for the post of first secretary unopposed. However, Morgan continued to insist on a leadership election, stating that he had already announced his intention to become first secretary before Davies did.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":41" />Template:Rp

Campaigning for the 1998 Welsh Labour leadership election began in March 1998 and lasted until September.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In his leadership pitch, Morgan cited his administrative experience in London, Europe, local government and the Welsh Office.<ref name=":39" /> He also presented himself as the "new beginning, anti-establishment" candidate and as the "unity" candidate.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":43" /> Davies had the support of Tony Blair and the party machinery of the Labour Party<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> and was viewed as the establishment candidate.<ref name=":44">Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan also presented himself as the "democratic" candidate, as he had campaigned for the election to be held under the one member, one vote electoral system.<ref name=":44" /> However, senior figures in the Labour Party in Wales decided to hold the election under an electoral college with block voting, which was decried as "undemocratic" by Davies' opponents.<ref name=":322">Template:Cite news</ref> Support for Davies came from the large trade unions such as Unison and the Transport and General Workers' Union and from the majority of Labour MPs, MEPs and Welsh assembly candidates. Support for Morgan came from the smaller trade unions, the constituency membership and the party grassroots.<ref name=":44" /> Ideologically, both Morgan and Davies were on the soft left of the Labour Party.<ref name=":44" />

In September 1998, Davies won the leadership election, therefore becoming the Labour Party in Wales' candidate for first secretary.<ref name=":46">Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan had won the most nominations from the constituency Labour parties,<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> as well as the membership vote across the constituency parties which held a membership ballot, but the electoral college left him with 31.78% of the vote to Davies' 68.22%.<ref name=":46" /> Davies would resign from the cabinet and the leadership six weeks later after being involved in an alleged gay sex scandal on Clapham Common. Tony Blair appointed Alun Michael as Welsh secretary and planned for him to become the first secretary without a leadership election.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Blair appointed Michael, a Blairite, to prevent Morgan from taking the leadership.<ref name=":5" /> Michael invited Morgan and another likely contender for the post, Wayne David, to serve with him as his deputies. Morgan declined Michael's offer and insisted on another leadership election.<ref name=":45" /><ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Blair met with Morgan and tried to convince him not to stand, but Morgan rejected this appeal and continued his leadership campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="OxfordBiography" />

The 1999 Welsh Labour leadership election took place in February 1999. It was a repeat of the 1998 leadership contest in several ways.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /> Morgan once again presented himself as the "anti-establishment" candidate. He also presented himself as the choice of the Welsh people. In contrast, Michael was widely seen as a reluctant parachute candidate from London who was imposed on Wales by the Labour Party leadership. In actuality, both Michael and Morgan were native Welsh speakers from Wales who shared a long-standing commitment to Welsh devolution. Morgan was described as the left-wing "Old Labour" candidate while Michael was described as the centrist "New Labour" candidate. Although Michael had by this point become a Blairite, both candidates had their origins in the soft left of the Labour Party. There was also some animosity between them, as Morgan had been a leading campaigner against the Cardiff Bay Barrage project while Michael had been a leading campaigner in support of it.

Assembly careerEdit

First Assembly (1999)Edit

Template:Infobox administration A committed supporter of Welsh devolution, Morgan contested the position of Labour's nominee for the (then titled) First Secretary for Wales. He lost to the then Secretary of State for Wales, Ron Davies. Davies was then forced to resign his position after an alleged sex scandal, whereupon Morgan again ran for the post. His opponent, Alun Michael, the new Secretary of State for Wales, was seen as a reluctant participant despite also having a long-standing commitment to Welsh devolution, and was widely regarded as being the choice of the UK leadership of the Labour Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Michael was duly elected to the leadership but resigned a little more than a year later, amid threats of an imminent no-confidence vote and alleged plotting against him by members of not only his own party, but also Assembly groups and Cabinet members. Morgan, who had served as Minister for Economic Development under Michael,<ref name="guardian">Template:Cite news</ref> became Labour's new nominee for First Secretary, and was elected in February 2000, later becoming First Minister on 16 October 2000 when the position was retitled. He was also appointed to the Privy Council in July 2000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Morgan stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2001 General Election.

Morgan's leadership was characterised by a willingness to distance himself from a number of aspects of UK Labour Party policy, particularly in relation to plans to introduce choice and competition into public services, which he has argued do not fit Welsh attitudes and values, and would not work effectively in a smaller and more rural country. In a speech given in Swansea to the National Centre for Public Policy in November 2002, Morgan stated his opposition to foundation hospitals (a UK Labour proposal), and referred to the "Clear Red Water"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> separating policies in Wales and in Westminster.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Second Assembly (2003)Edit

File:Wales morgan and amb.jpg

Rhodri Morgan meets U.S. Ambassador Robert Tuttle on 7 October 2005 in Cardiff.

On 1 May 2003, Labour under Morgan's leadership was re-elected in the Assembly elections. Morgan managed to win enough seats to form a Labour-only administration (the election was held under proportional representation, and Labour won 30 of the 60 seats in the Assembly and the overall majority was achieved when Dafydd Elis-Thomas AM was elected Presiding Officer of the Assembly) and named his cabinet on 9 May. In that election, Labour easily took back all of the former strongholds they lost to Plaid Cymru at the height of Alun Michael's unpopularity in 1999.

In his second term, Morgan's administration continued its theme of "Welsh solutions for Welsh problems", a marked contrast to the Blairite public service reform agenda.Template:Citation needed Instead of competition, Welsh Labour emphasised the need for collaboration between public service providers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Third Assembly (2007)Edit

Labour was the biggest party with 26 out of the 60 seats, five short of an overall majority. After one month of minority government, Morgan signed a coalition agreement (One Wales) with Ieuan Wyn Jones, leader of Plaid Cymru, on 27 June 2007. Morgan became the first modern political leader of Wales to lead an Assembly with powers to pass primary legislation (subject to consent from Westminster).Template:Citation needed

RetirementEdit

File:Rhodri Morgan meets Warren Gatland.jpg

Morgan (left) with the newly appointed Welsh rugby coach, Warren Gatland in 2008.

In July 2005, Morgan announced his intention to lead the Welsh Labour party into the 2007 general election, but retire as leader of Welsh Labour and First Minister sometime in 2009, when he would be 70.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On his 70th birthday (29 September) he set the exact date as immediately following the Assembly's budget session on 8 December 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Counsel General Carwyn Jones, Health Minister Edwina Hart and Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney AM Huw Lewis entered a leadership contest to elect a new Labour leader in Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 1 December 2009 the winner was declared as Carwyn Jones,<ref name="IcWales">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who assumed office as First Minister on 10 December 2009. Morgan remained a backbench AM until April 2011, when the third Assembly was dissolved before the general election on 5 May 2011.

Personal lifeEdit

Morgan married Julie Morgan (née Edwards) in 1967. Julie would later have her own political career as an AM and MP, joining Morgan in the House of Commons in 1997.<ref name="OxfordBiography" /><ref name=":26" /> The couple had two daughters, Mari and Siani, and an adopted son, Stuart. Mari was born in 1968 and became a scientist while Siani was born in 1969 and became a charity worker.<ref name=":1" /> Stuart, born in 1969 or 1970,<ref name=":25" /> was troubled and had multiple convictions.<ref name=":1" /> Morgan also had eight grandchildren<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a Labrador named William Tell.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His elder brother Prys Morgan was a history professor at Swansea University<ref name=":5" /> and his second cousin Garel Rhys was an academic.<ref name="RadyrandMorganstown" />

After marriage, Morgan settled at Dinas Powys. From 1986, he then lived with his wife and children at Lower House, a former farmhouse in the countryside of Michaelston-le-Pit.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":24" /> The home was known for being untidy and disorganised,<ref name=":28" /> with friends reportedly describing it as a "tip".<ref name=":27">Template:Cite news</ref> The couple also had a caravan in Mwnt, on the coast of Ceredigion, where the family holidayed each summer for at least 40 years.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Morgan was a long-time friend of Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour Party from 1983 to 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Autobiography" />Template:Rp In their younger years, they were part of a rock band together.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They shared a flat in Cardiff from 1963 to 1965.<ref name=":1" /> Morgan was also a long-time friend of the former AM Sue Essex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2007, Morgan had an unstable angina which caused a partial blockage in two of his arteries and a heart attack.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":9" />Template:Rp He was admitted to hospital where he underwent cardiac surgery and had two stent implants to unblock his arteries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Even though he left hospital within the week, doctors said he would not be fully recovered for a few weeks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

DeathEdit

File:Wenallt Chapel, Thornhill Cemetery, Cardiff.jpg

Thornhill Crematorium's Wenallt Chapel

Morgan collapsed on the evening of 17 May 2017 while cycling on {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Road, Wenvoe, near his home. Police and paramedics were called to the scene and he was pronounced dead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was 77.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

Morgan's family held a humanist funeral for him, in line with his humanist beliefs, at the Welsh Assembly on 31 May, which was open on a first-come first-served basis to the public, as well as broadcast on screens outside the Senedd and online. The funeral was televised and billed as a major national event. The ceremony was led by Morgan's friend and former Welsh Labour colleague Lorraine Barrett.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A private service of committal was held at Thornhill Crematorium's Wenallt Chapel in Cardiff the next day.

Honorary degreesEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:Ambox Template:Main other }} Morgan was awarded several honorary degrees for his service to the United Kingdom, including the following.

Country	Date	School	Degree
Template:Flagu	26 November 2007	University of Wales	Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagu	June 2009	Bangor University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2009	Aberystwyth University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2010	Cardiff University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2010	Swansea University	Honorary Doctorate<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagu	July 2011	University of Glamorgan	Honorary Doctorate<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

He was also appointed Chancellor of Swansea University in 2011, a post he held until his death. He had close links with the university as both his parents had graduated from it in the 1920s and his father and brother also taught there.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

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FootnotesEdit

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External linksEdit

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