Roan antelope

The roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) is a large, savanna-dwelling antelope found in Western, Southern, and parts of Central and Eastern Africa.<ref name="waza">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Named for its roan colour (a slightly reddish, sandy-brown), it has a lighter-toned underbelly and a (mostly) white face and snout, but with a black "mask" around the eyes and on the bridge of the snout, being somewhat lighter in females. Additionally, a pair of formidable, recurved horns (made of keratin-covered bone) are present on the heads of both males and females, albeit larger on the males, growing up to 100 cm (39 in) long. Males and females have short, erect, mohawk-like manes running down their back and very light, shaggy neckbeards, both of which are more pronounced in males. Both mane and neckbeard are tinted with darker tips, which run the length of the animal's back and belly, ending in a dark-coloured tail. The ears are long, erect, and donkey-like.

The roan is among the world's largest antelopes, after the elands (Taurotragus sp.) and the nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), measuring Template:Convert from the head to the base of the tail, with a Template:Convert-long tail. Males weigh upwards of Template:Convert and females Template:Convert, with a shoulder height of around Template:Convert.<ref>ANIMAL BYTES – Roan Antelope. Seaworld.org. Retrieved on 10 October 2013.</ref><ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Roan antelope videos, photos and facts – Hippotragus equinus Template:Webarchive. ARKive (28 June 2011). Retrieved on 2013-10-10.</ref>

Taxonomy and evolution

The roan antelope shares the genus Hippotragus with the extinct bluebuck (H. leucophaeus) and the sable antelope (H. niger), and is a member of the family Bovidae. It was first described by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803.<ref name=MSW3>Template:MSW3</ref> The specific epithet equinus derives from the Latin equus ("horse-like"), referring to the horse-like appearance of this antelope.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1996, an analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from a mounted specimen of the bluebuck found that it was outside the clade containing the roan and sable antelopes. The study therefore concluded that the bluebuck is a distinct species, and not merely a subspecies of the roan antelope. The cladogram below shows the position of the roan antelope among its relatives, following the 1996 analysis:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1974, palaeoanthropologist Richard Klein studied the fossils of Hippotragus species in South Africa. Most of these were found to represent the bluebuck and the roan antelope. The roan antelope seems to have appeared in the Nelson Bay Cave region following climatic changes in the Holocene.<ref name="Klein1974">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Subspecies

Six subspecies are recognised:<ref name=MSW3/><ref name=Kingdon/><ref name="Groves">Template:Cite book</ref>

• H. e. bakeri (Heuglin, 1863): Occurs in Sudan (East Africa).
• H. e. cottoni Dollman and Burlace, 1928: Occurs in Angola, Botswana, the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, central and northern Malawi, and Zambia (Southern Africa).
• H. e. equinus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803: Occurs in Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Southern Africa).
• H. e. koba (Gray, 1872): Range extends from Senegal to Benin (West Africa).
• H. e. langheldi Matschie, 1898: Occurs in Burundi, the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda (East Africa).
• H. e. scharicus (Schwarz, 1913): Occurs in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad and eastern Nigeria (Central Africa).

• Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) male walking.jpg

  H. e. equinus, South Africa

• Roan Antelope, Kafue National Park, Zambia, Nov 2011.jpg

  H. e. cottoni, Zambia

• Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus koba) showing ears.jpg

  H. e. koba showing both sides of ears, Senegal

Characteristics

Physical description

The roan antelope is a large antelope with a horse-like build. It is the largest antelope in the genus Hippotragus, and one of the largest species of antelopes in the world. Only elands, bongos and large male greater kudus can exceed them in weight on average. The roan antelope stands Template:Convert at the shoulder, and weighs Template:Convert. The head-and-body length is typically between Template:Convert. The dark tail, terminating in a black tuft, measures up to Template:Convert.

Characteristic features include a short, erect mane of grayish brown hair extending from the back of the neck along the midline of the back up to the withers, white patches around the eyes and the mouth on the otherwise black face, and long, narrow ears with Template:Convert long tufts. The horns are ringed and arched backwards, which can reach Template:Convert long in males, slightly shorter in females. The long legs are supported by large hooves.<ref name="Kingdon">Template:Cite book</ref> The short, smooth coat is brown to amber. The ventral parts are yellow to white, while the neck and the manes are gray to black.

They are somewhat similar in appearance to the sable antelopes and can be confused where their ranges overlap. Sable antelope males are notably darker, being brownish-black rather than dark brown.<ref name="Burton">Template:Cite book</ref>

Habitat and behavior

Roan antelopes can be found in woodland, grassland, and savannah; mainly in the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, which range in tree density from forest with a grassy understory (such as the central Zambezian Miombo woodlands) to grasslands dotted with few trees, where they eat mid-length grasses.

They live in small groups and form harem groups of 5 to 15 animals with one dominant male. Males commonly fight among themselves for dominance of their herd, brandishing their horns while both animals are on their knees.

External links

• Template:Cite NIE A subspecies.