Room-temperature superconductor

A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical material capable of displaying superconductivity above Template:Cvt, operating temperatures which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately Template:Convert at 200 GPa.<ref name="hemley" /><ref name="eremets" />

At standard atmospheric pressure, cuprates currently hold the temperature record, manifesting superconductivity at temperatures as high as Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Over time, researchers have consistently encountered superconductivity at temperatures previously considered unexpected or impossible, challenging the notion that achieving superconductivity at room temperature was infeasible.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="almaden">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The concept of "near-room temperature" transient effects has been a subject of discussion since the early 1950s.

Reports

Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductors ("high" being temperatures above Template:Convert, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen), several materials have been claimed, although not confirmed, to be room-temperature superconductors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Corroborated studies

In 2014, an article published in Nature suggested that some materials, notably YBCO (yttrium barium copper oxide), could be made to briefly superconduct at room temperature using infrared laser pulses.<ref> Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2015, an article published in Nature by researchers of the Otto Hahn Institute suggested that under certain conditions such as extreme pressure Template:Chem transitioned to a superconductive form Template:Chem at 150 GPa (around 1.5 million times atmospheric pressure) in a diamond anvil cell.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The critical temperature is Template:Convert which would be the highest T_c ever recorded and their research suggests that other hydrogen compounds could superconduct at up to Template:Convert.<ref name="cart15">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="GeZhangYao2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Also in 2018, researchers noted a possible superconducting phase at Template:Convert in lanthanum decahydride (Template:Chem) at elevated (200 GPa) pressure.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2019, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately Template:Convert.<ref name="hemley">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="eremets">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Though not room temperature, a rare earth 'infinite layer' nickelate was recently discovered that superconducted at the unheard of (for nickelates) temperature of 44K at ambient pressure. This material is stable in air unlike cuprates, and other nickelates may have even higher critical temperatures. The current theory is that these materials leverage very unusual physics including pair density waves (PDW) that may not be as sensitive to the normal pitfalls of high temperature superconductors like low critical current. <ref> https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08755-z </ref>

Uncorroborated studies

In 1993 and 1997, Michel Laguës and his team published evidence of room temperature superconductivity observed on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) deposited ultrathin nanostructures of bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO, pronounced bisko, Bi₂Sr₂Ca_n−1Cu_nO_2n+4+x).<ref>Laguës et al. "Evidence suggesting superconductivity at 250 K in a sequentially deposited cuprate film" Science 262, 1850 (1993)</ref><ref> Laguës et al. "Room temperature transport properties of new BiSrCaCuO compounds" C.R.Acad.Sci. Paris, 324, 627 (1997)</ref> These compounds exhibit extremely low resistivities orders of magnitude below that of copper, strongly non-linear I(V) characteristics and hysteretic I(V) behavior.

In 2000, while extracting electrons from diamond during ion implantation work, South African physicist Johan Prins claimed to have observed a phenomenon that he explained as room-temperature superconductivity within a phase formed on the surface of oxygen-doped type IIa diamonds in a [[Vacuum|Template:Nowrap vacuum]].<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2003, a group of researchers published results on high-temperature superconductivity in palladium hydride (PdH_x: Template:Nowrap)<ref name="Tripodi2003">Template:Cite journal</ref> and an explanation in 2004.<ref name="Tripodi2004">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2007, the same group published results suggesting a superconducting transition temperature of 260 K,<ref name="Tripodi2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> with transition temperature increasing as the density of hydrogen inside the palladium lattice increases. This has not been corroborated by other groups.

In March 2021, an announcement reported superconductivity in a layered yttrium-palladium-hydron material at 262 K and a pressure of 187 GPa. Palladium may act as a hydrogen migration catalyst in the material.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 31 December 2023, "Global Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Graphite" was published in the journal Advanced Quantum Technologies, claiming to demonstrate superconductivity at room temperature and ambient pressure in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite with dense arrays of nearly parallel line defects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Retracted or unreliable studies

File:Magnet 4.jpg

A magnet levitating above a superconductor (at −200 °C) that is exhibiting the Meissner effect.

In 2012, an Advanced Materials article claimed superconducting behavior of graphite powder after treatment with pure water at temperatures as high as 300 K and above.<ref> Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Unreliable source? So far, the authors have not been able to demonstrate the occurrence of a clear Meissner phase and the vanishing of the material's resistance.

In 2018, Dev Kumar Thapa and Anshu Pandey from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore claimed the observation of superconductivity at ambient pressure and room temperature in films and pellets of a nanostructured material that is composed of silver particles embedded in a gold matrix.<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref> Due to similar noise patterns of supposedly independent plots and the publication's lack of peer review, the results have been called into question.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although the researchers repeated their findings in a later paper in 2019,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> this claim is yet to be verified and confirmed.Template:Citation needed

Since 2016, a team led by Ranga P. Dias has produced a number of retracted or challenged papers in this field. In 2016 they claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In October 2020, they reported room-temperature superconductivity at 288 K (at 15 °C) in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride at 267 GPa, triggered into crystallisation via green laser.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Retracted</ref> This was retracted in 2022 after flaws in their statistical methods were identified<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and led to questioning of other data.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Retracted</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023 he reported superconductivity at 294 K and 1 GPa in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride, in a paper widely met with skepticism about its methods and data. Later in 2023 he was found to have plagiarized parts of his dissertation from someone else's thesis, and to have fabricated data in a paper on manganese disulfide, which was retracted.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The lutetium hydride paper was also retracted.Template:Citation needed The first attempts to replicate those results failed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref>

On July 23, 2023, a Korean team claimed that Cu-doped lead apatite, which they named LK-99, was superconducting up to 370 K, though they had not observed this fully.<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref> They posted two preprints to arXiv,<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref> published a paper in a journal,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and submitted a patent application.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The reported observations were received with skepticism by experts due to the lack of clear signatures of superconductivity.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The story was widely discussed on social media, leading to a large number of attempted replications, none of which had more than qualified success. By mid-August, a series of papers from major labs provided significant evidence that LK-99 was not a superconductor, finding resistivity much higher than copper, and explaining observed effects such as magnetic response and resistance drops in terms of impurities and ferromagnetism in the material.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Theories

Metallic hydrogen and phonon-mediated pairing

Theoretical work by British physicist Neil Ashcroft predicted that solid metallic hydrogen at extremely high pressure (~500 GPa) should become superconducting at approximately room temperature, due to its extremely high speed of sound and expected strong coupling between the conduction electrons and the lattice-vibration phonons.<ref name="Ashc1968"> Template:Cite journal</ref>

A team at Harvard University has claimed to make metallic hydrogen and reports a pressure of 495 GPa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Though the exact critical temperature has not yet been determined, weak signs of a possible Meissner effect and changes in magnetic susceptibility at 250 K may have appeared in early magnetometer tests on an original now-lost sample. A French team is working with doughnut shapes rather than planar at the diamond culette tips.<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref>

Organic polymers and exciton-mediated pairing

In 1964, William A. Little proposed the possibility of high-temperature superconductivity in organic polymers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other hydrides

In 2004, Ashcroft returned to his idea and suggested that hydrogen-rich compounds can become metallic and superconducting at lower pressures than hydrogen. More specifically, he proposed a novel way to pre-compress hydrogen chemically by examining IVa hydrides.<ref name=Ashc2004> Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2014–2015, conventional superconductivity was observed in a sulfur hydride system ([[Hydrogen sulfide|Template:Chem]] or Template:Chem) at 190 K to 203 K at pressures of up to 200 GPa.

In 2016, research suggested a link between palladium hydride containing small impurities of sulfur nanoparticles as a plausible explanation for the anomalous transient resistance drops seen during some experiments, and hydrogen absorption by cuprates was suggested in light of the 2015 results in Template:Chem as a plausible explanation for transient resistance drops or "USO" noticed in the 1990s by Chu et al. during research after the discovery of YBCO.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

It has been predicted that Template:Chem (scandium dodecahydride) would exhibit superconductivity at room temperature – Template:Abbr between Template:Convert and Template:Convert – under a pressure expected not to exceed 100 GPa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Some research efforts are currently moving towards ternary superhydrides, where it has been predicted that Template:Chem (dilithium magnesium hexadecahydride) would have a Template:Abbr of Template:Convert at 250 GPa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Spin coupling

It is also possible that if the bipolaron explanation is correct, a normally semiconducting material can transition under some conditions into a superconductor if a critical level of alternating spin coupling in a single plane within the lattice is exceeded; this may have been documented in very early experiments from 1986. The best analogy here would be anisotropic magnetoresistance, but in this case the outcome is a drop to zero rather than a decrease within a very narrow temperature range for the compounds tested similar to "re-entrant superconductivity".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2018, support was found for electrons having anomalous 3/2 spin states in YPtBi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Though YPtBi is a relatively low temperature superconductor, this does suggest another approach to creating superconductors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

"Quantum bipolarons" could describe how a material might superconduct at up to nearly room temperature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>