Rudbeckia hirta
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox Rudbeckia hirta, commonly called black-eyed Susan, is a North American flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It grows to Template:Convert tall with daisy-like yellow flower heads. There are numerous cultivars. It is toxic when ingested by cats, but was used medicinally by Native Americans. It is the state flower of Maryland.
DescriptionEdit
Rudbeckia hirta is an upright annual (sometimes biennial or perennial) growing Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide. It has alternate, mostly basal leaves 10–18 cm long, covered by coarse hair, with stout branching stems and daisy-like, composite flower heads appearing in late summer and early autumn. In the species, the flowers are up to Template:Convert in diameter, with yellow ray florets circling conspicuous brown or black, dome-shaped cone of many small disc florets.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, extensive breeding has produced a range of sizes and colours, including oranges, reds and browns.<ref name="v" /><ref name="RHSAZ">Template:Cite book</ref>
TaxonomyEdit
VarietiesEdit
There are four varieties<ref name="x">Template:ThePlantList</ref><ref name="v">Template:EFloras</ref>
- Rudbeckia hirta var. angustifolia – southeastern + south-central United States (South Carolina to Texas)
- Rudbeckia hirta var. floridana – Florida
- Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta – Eastern United States (Maine to Alabama).
- Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima – Widespread in most of North America (Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Alabama and New Mexico; naturalized Washington to California).
EtymologyEdit
The specific epithet hirta is Latin for "hairy", and refers to the trichomes occurring on leaves and stems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other common names for this plant include: brown-eyed Susan, brown betty, gloriosa daisy, golden Jerusalem, English bull's eye, poor-land daisy, yellow daisy, and yellow ox-eye daisy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Distribution and habitatEdit
It is native to eastern and central North America, and is naturalized in the west, being found in all 10 Canadian Provinces and all 48 states of the contiguous United States. It is also naturalized in China.<ref>Template:BONAP</ref><ref name="v" /><ref>Template:EFloras</ref>
EcologyEdit
Butterflies are attracted to Rudbeckia hirta.<ref name="The Field Museum Magazine">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It is a larval host to the bordered patch, gorgone checkerspot, and silvery checkerspot species.<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press. </ref>
Dragonflies, voracious eaters of mosquitoes, are attracted by the tiny pollinators of these flowers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CultivationEdit
Rudbeckia hirta is widely cultivated in parks and gardens, for summer bedding schemes, borders, containers, wildflower gardens, prairie-style plantings and cut flowers. Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which 'Indian Summer'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 'Toto'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other popular cultivars include 'Double Gold' and 'Marmalade'.
Gloriosa daisies are tetraploid cultivars having much larger flower heads than the wild species, often doubled or with contrasting markings on the ray florets. They were first bred by Alfred Blakeslee of Smith College by applying colchicine to R. hirta seeds; Blakeslee's stock was further developed by W. Atlee Burpee and introduced to commerce at the 1957 Philadelphia Flower Show.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gloriosa daisies are generally treated as annuals or short-lived perennials and are typically grown from seed, though there are some named cultivars.
ToxicityEdit
The species is toxic to cats when ingested.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
UsesEdit
The plant is thought to be a Native American medicine for various ailments.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The roots, though not the seedheads, can be used much like the related Echinacea purpurea with unsubstantiated claims to boost immunity and fight colds, flu and infections. The Ojibwa people used it as a poultice for snake bites and to make an infusion for treating colds and worms in children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In cultureEdit
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The black-eyed Susan was designated as the state flower of Maryland in 1918.<ref name="maryland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In this capacity it is used in gardens and ceremonies to celebrate, memorialize and show affection for the state of Maryland and its people. The Preakness Stakes in Baltimore, Maryland, has been termed "The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans" because a blanket of Viking Poms, a variety of chrysanthemums resembling black-eyed Susans, is traditionally placed around the winning horse's neck. (Actual black-eyed Susans are not in bloom in May during the Preakness.)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1912, the black-eyed Susan became the inspiration for the University of Southern Mississippi school colors (black and gold), suggested by Florence Burrow Pope, a member of the university's first graduating class. According to Pope:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On a trip home, I saw great masses of Black-Eyed Susans in the pine forests. I decided to encourage my senior class to gather Black-Eyed Susans to spell out the name of the class on sheets to be displayed during exercises on Class Day. I then suggested black and gold as class colors, and my suggestion was adopted.
GalleryEdit
- Rudbeckiahirta1web.jpg
Inflorescence and involucral bracts
- Rudbeckia hirta Indian Summer.JPG
Rudbeckia hirta 'Indian Summer'
- Northern Crescent 3.jpg
Phyciodes cocyta butterfly
- Nahaufnahme einer Blüte einer Schwarzäugigen Rudbeckie.jpg
In a German front garden
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Wikiversity-bc Template:Commonscat
- Knowlton Foote. 2001. Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.). New York Flora Association Newsletter Vol. 13.
- Rudbeckia Hirta, Florida Native Plant Society