Rudy Van Gelder
Template:Short description Template:Infobox musical artist Rudolph Van Gelder (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz. Over more than half a century, he recorded several thousand sessions, with musicians including Booker Ervin, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Lee Morgan, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, Horace Silver, Herbie Hancock, Grant Green and George Benson. He worked with many different record companies, and recorded almost every session on Blue Note Records from 1953 to 1967.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
He worked on albums including John Coltrane's A Love Supreme, Miles Davis's Walkin', Herbie Hancock's Maiden Voyage, Sonny Rollins's Saxophone Colossus, and Horace Silver's Song for My Father.<ref name="Keepnews2016">Template:Cite news</ref> He is regarded as one of the most influential engineers in jazz.<ref>[{{#ifeq: yes | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p79433{{
#if:
| /{{{tab}}}
}}
| {{#if: p79433
| {{#if:
| {{#if: |[[{{{author-link}}}|{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }}]]|{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }}}}.
}}[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p79433{{
#if:
| /{{{tab}}}
}} {{
#if:
| {{{title}}}
| Template:PAGENAMEBASE
}}] at AllMusic{{
#if:
| . Retrieved .
}}
| {{#if: {{#property:P1728}}
| Template:First word {{#if: | {{{title}}} | Template:PAGENAMEBASE }} at AllMusicTemplate:EditAtWikidata
| {{#if: {{#property:P1729}}
| Template:First word {{#if: | {{{title}}} | Template:PAGENAMEBASE }} at AllMusicTemplate:EditAtWikidata
| {{#if: {{#property:P1730}}
| Template:First word {{#if: | {{{title}}} | Template:PAGENAMEBASE }} at AllMusicTemplate:EditAtWikidata
| {{#if: {{#property:P1994}}
| Template:First word {{#if: | {{{title}}} | Template:PAGENAMEBASE }} at AllMusicTemplate:EditAtWikidata
| {{AllMusic}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.Template:Main other
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} "Rudy Van Gelder"] by Steve Huey for AllMusic.com. Accessed 31 July 2007.</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Van Gelder was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. His parents, Louis Van Gelder and the former Sarah Cohen ran a women's clothing store in Passaic.<ref name="Keepnews2016"/> His interest in microphones and electronics can be traced to a youthful enthusiasm for amateur radio. He was also a longtime jazz fan. His uncle, for whom Rudy was named, had been the drummer for Ted Lewis's band in the mid-1930s. During his high school years, Van Gelder took trumpet lessons and played in the school band.<ref name="Skea">Skea, Dan (2002). "Rudy Van Gelder in Hackensack: Defining the Jazz Sound in the 1950s". Musicological Studies 71/72, Spring 2001–Spring 2002. pp. 54–76, 56, 57.</ref>
Van Gelder trained as an optometrist at Philadelphia's Pennsylvania College of Optometry because he did not think he could earn a living as a recording engineer.<ref name="Keepnews2016"/><ref name="Rudy Van Gelder">"Rudy Van Gelder" Template:Webarchive, Biographical article at the All About Jazz website, 1 December 2007</ref> He received an O.D. degree from the institution in 1946. Thereafter, Van Gelder maintained an optometry practice in Teaneck, New Jersey until 1959 when he made the transition to full-time recording engineer.<ref>"Remembering Rudy Van Gelder, OD'46". salus.edu. 31 August 2016.</ref>
CareerEdit
In the evenings after work, Van Gelder recorded local musicians who wanted 78-rpm recordings of their work.<ref name="MyersWSJ2012">Template:Cite news</ref> From 1946, Van Gelder recorded in his parents' house in Hackensack, New Jersey, in which a control room was built adjacent to the living room, which served as the musicians' performing area.<ref name="Skea"/><ref>Davis, Miles, with Quincy Troupe (1989). Miles: The Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster. Template:ISBN. See pp. 176–177 on Van Gelder's recording studio in Hackensack.</ref> The dry acoustics of this working space were partly responsible for Van Gelder's inimitable recording aesthetic.<ref>Eastwood, M. "Rudy Van Gelder", Eastwood Records: Mini Blog', London, 31 August 2016.</ref>
"When I first started, I was interested in improving the quality of the playback equipment I had," Van Gelder commented in 2005; "I never was really happy with what I heard. I always assumed the records made by the big companies sounded better than what I could reproduce. So that's how I got interested in the process. I acquired everything I could to play back audio: speakers, turntables, amplifiers".<ref name="Forlenza">Forlenza, Jeff (2005). "Who Cares About Quality? Rudy Van Gelder!" Template:Webarchive Mix, 1 May.</ref> One of Van Gelder's friends, the baritone saxophonist Gil Mellé, introduced him to Alfred Lion, a producer for Blue Note Records, in 1953.<ref name="Forlenza"/>
In the 1950s, Van Gelder performed engineering and mastering for the classical label Vox Records.<ref>Vox LP liner notes and dead wax (matrix) stamps and etchings, LPs STPL 58.520, STPL 514.070, STPL 512.730, STPL 510.330, STPL 511.110.</ref><ref name="Rudy Van Gelder"/> He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959. In 1959, he moved the Van Gelder Studio to a larger purpose-built facility in Englewood Cliffs, a few miles southeast of the original location.<ref>Gitler, Ira (2001). "Vangelder's Studio". JazzTimes, April.</ref> An obituarist in the London Daily Telegraph wrote of "Van Gelder's extreme fastidiousness" as an engineer, and his insistence on "no food or drink in the studio, and on no account was anyone to touch a microphone. He himself always wore gloves when handling equipment".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Later careerEdit
Though his output slowed, Van Gelder remained active as a recording engineer into the new century. In the late 1990s, he worked as a recording engineer for some of the songs featured in the soundtracks for the Japanese anime series Cowboy Bebop.<ref name="google1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 1999, he remastered the analog Blue Note recordings he had made several decades earlier into 24-bit digital recordings in its RVG Edition series.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was positive about the switch from analog to digital technology. He told Audio magazine in 1995:
The biggest distorter is the LP itself. I've made thousands of LP masters. I used to make 17 a day, with two lathes going simultaneously, and I'm glad to see the LP go. As far as I'm concerned, good riddance. It was a constant battle to try to make that music sound the way it should. It was never any good. And if people don't like what they hear in digital, they should blame the engineer who did it. Blame the mastering house. Blame the mixing engineer. That's why some digital recordings sound terrible, and I'm not denying that they do, but don't blame the medium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Van Gelder continued to reside in Englewood Cliffs<ref>"The State of Jazz: Meet 40 More Jersey Greats". The Star-Ledger, 28 September 2004.</ref> until his death on August 25, 2016.<ref name="Keepnews2016"/><ref name="lobenfeld">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Van Gelder soundEdit
Van Gelder was secretive about his recording methods, leaving fans and critics to speculate about his techniques. He would go as far as to move microphones when bands were being photographed in the studio.<ref name="Simons">Template:Cite book</ref> His recording techniques are often admired by his fans for their transparency, clarity, realism, warmth and presence.<ref name="simmons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Van Gelder pioneered use of close miking techniques, peak limiting, and tape saturation to imbue the music with an added sense of immediacy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also demonstrated a commitment to superior signal-to-noise ratio while recording and mastering, allowing Van Gelder to achieve greater volume on his LPs and minimize tape hiss and vinyl surface noise.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Van Gelder was unusual compared to other recording engineers of the time insofar as he enjoyed ownership of the entire recording and post-recording process (excepting the pressing of the records themselves). This control gave Van Gelder the opportunity to ensure that the final records reflected the sound of the original tape recording, with each record bearing his hallmark: a small 'RVG' inscribed into the run-out area.<ref name="simmons" />
Though instrumental in developing the so-called 'Blue Note sound', Van Gelder's approach was often dictated by the production personnel with whom he worked. Blue Note's Alfred Lion worked closely with Van Gelder during sessions: Template:Quote
Such close supervision rarely applied when Van Gelder was recording for other labels, such as Prestige or Savoy, enabling him to explore and pioneer new sound engineering techniques: Template:Quote
Despite his prominence in recording jazz, some artists avoided Van Gelder's studio. The bassist and composer Charles Mingus refused to record with him. Taking Leonard Feather's "blindfold test" in 1960, he said that Van Gelder "tries to change people's tones. I've seen him do it; I've seen him do it; I've seen him take Thad Jones and the way he sets him up at the mike, he can change the whole sound. That's why I never go to him; he ruined my bass sound".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Priestley">Template:Cite book</ref> Even Blue Note president and producer Alfred Lion criticized Van Gelder for what Lion felt was his occasional overuse of reverb, and would jokingly refer to this trait as a "Rudy special" on tape boxes.<ref name="Blue">Template:Cite book</ref>
Richard Cook called Van Gelder's characteristic method of recording and mixing the piano "as distinctive as the pianists' playing" itself.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This unique sonic quality is considered a key component of the Van Gelder sound.<ref name="simmons" /> Such a piano sound was initially the consequence of recording in a living room rather than a purpose built recording facility, where close miking of the piano strings was necessary to avoid sound bleed from other instruments.<ref name="simmons" /> Though creating a distinctive albeit compressed piano sound, critics of the Van Gelder sound of the 1950s and 1960s have focused on Van Gelder's recording of pianos as a particular source of criticism: Template:Quote
Van Gelder has also been criticized for his use of compression and high-frequency boosting, both of which, it is argued, compromise the sound. Journalist and radio producer George Hicks wrote:
Writer Stanley Crouch argued in an interview with Ethan Iverson that Van Gelder made particular adjustments to the sound of John Coltrane's tenor saxophone sound when engineering Coltrane's Impulse Records sessions: "I know the difference between the sound of someone in person and the recorded sound of an engineer. Coltrane's tone was much darker and thicker than the sound on those Impulse! records engineered by Rudy Van Gelder. But maybe Van Gelder chose that sound because he could hear that Coltrane was an alto player first before switching to tenor."<ref name="crouch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReputationEdit
Within a few years of opening his studio, Van Gelder was in demand by many other independent labels based around New York City, such as Prestige Records. Bob Weinstock, owner of Prestige, recalled the following in 1999: "Rudy was very much an asset. His rates were fair and he didn't waste time. When you arrived at his studio he was prepared. His equipment was always ahead of its time and he was a genius when it came to recording".<ref name="Gitler">In The Prestige Story liner notes, quoted by Ira Gitler "Vangelder's Studio", Jazz Times, April 2001.</ref> According to a JazzTimes article in August 2016, "jazz lore has formed the brands into a yin and yang of sorts: The Blue Note albums involved more original music, with rehearsal and the stringent, consistent oversight of Lion; Weinstock was more nonchalant, organizing what were essentially blowing sessions for some of the best musicians in jazz history".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Van Gelder said in 2012, "Alfred was rigid about how he wanted Blue Note records to sound. But Bob Weinstock of Prestige was more easygoing, so I'd experiment on his dates and use what I learned on the Blue Note sessions".<ref name="MyersWSJ2012" /> He also worked for Savoy Records in this period, among others. "To accommodate everyone, I assigned different days of the week to different labels".<ref name="MyersWSJ2012" />
Writer Fred Kaplan has argued that Van Gelder's reputation with the record-buying public was aided by Blue Note Records' conspicuous mentions of Van Gelder on their album covers: Template:Quote
Awards and honorsEdit
- In 2009 he was named a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts.<ref name="Keepnews2016"/>
- In 2012 he received the Grammy Trustees Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2013 Van Gelder received the Audio Engineering Society's Gold Medal.<ref name="Keepnews2016"/>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Karp, Andy (2009). "In Conversation with Rudy Van Gelder". Jazz.com.
- "Susan Stamberg Visits the Recording Studio of Rudy Van Gelder". npr.org.
- Rudy Van Gelder Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection. March 15, 2016.