Rural Electrification Act
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The Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (REA), enacted on May 20, 1936, provided federal loans for the installation of electrical distribution systems to serve isolated rural areas of the United States.
The funding was channeled through cooperative electric power companies, hundreds of which still exist today.<ref>Template:Cite periodical</ref> These member-owned cooperatives purchased power on a wholesale basis and distributed it using their own network of transmission and distribution lines. The Rural Electrification Act was one of many New Deal proposals by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to remedy high unemployment during the Great Depression.
HistoryEdit
On May 11, 1935, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7037, which created the Rural Electrification Administration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1936, the Congress endorsed Roosevelt's action by passing the Rural Electrification Act. At the time the Rural Electrification Act was passed, electricity was commonplace in cities but largely unavailable in farms, ranches, and other rural places. Representative John E. Rankin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Senator George William Norris<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> were supporters of the Rural Electrification Act, which was signed into law by Roosevelt on May 20, 1936.
Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn was a major proponent of the REA, which he helped pass in 1936 as Chairman of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. Rayburn stated in 1959 that ninety percent of farm homes in the U.S. were electrified, compared to three percent in the early 1930s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Technical issuesEdit
In the 1930s, the provision of power to remote areas was not thought to be economically feasible.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 2300-volt distribution system was then used in cities. This relatively low voltage could be carried only about Template:Convert before the voltage drop became unacceptable. REA cooperatives used a 6900-volt distribution network (soon changed to the present-day 12,470/7200V 4-wire Y system), which could support much longer runs (up to about Template:Convert). Despite requiring more expensive transformers at each home, the overall system cost was manageable.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Wiring homes and farmsEdit
REA crews traveled through the American countryside, bringing teams of electricians along with them. The electricians added wiring to houses and barns to utilize the newly available power provided by the line crews. A standard REA installation in a house (post-World War II) consisted of:
- A 60-amp, 230-volt fuse panel, with:
- A 60-amp range circuit
- A 20-amp kitchen circuit
- Two or three 15-amp lighting circuits
A ceiling-mounted light fixture was installed in each room, usually controlled by a single switch mounted near a door. At most, one outlet was installed per room, since plug-connected appliances were expensive and uncommon. Wiring was performed using type NM (nonmetallic sheathed cable), insulated with asbestos-reinforced rubber covered with jute and tar.
Many of these original installations still exist today, though most have been augmented to support a greater number and variety of appliances.
Later amendmentsEdit
Some amendments to the Rural Electrification Act include:
- 1944: loan terms increased to 35 years; the act is made permanent<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- 1949: extended the act to allow loans to telephone companies wishing to extend their connections to unconnected rural areas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- 1993: provisions to restructure the direct loan programs for rural electricity, telephone cooperatives, and energy conservation market<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- December 8, 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act—The "Buy American" provision to now include Mexico and Canada.
- 2008: provisions for access to rural broadband telecommunications network and rural internet
- 2014: pilot program for rural gigabit broadband network
| Date of enactment | Public law number | U.S. statute citation | U.S. legislative bill | U.S. Presidential administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 21, 1944 | P.L. 78-425 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| October 28, 1949 | P.L. 81-423 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Harry S. Truman |
| June 15, 1955 | P.L. 84–70 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| October 23, 1962 | P.L. 87-862 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | John F. Kennedy |
| May 7, 1971 | P.L. 92–12 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Richard M. Nixon |
| June 30, 1972 | P.L. 92-324 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Richard M. Nixon |
| May 11, 1973 | P.L. 93–32 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Richard M. Nixon |
| November 4, 1975 | P.L. 94–124 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Gerald R. Ford |
| October 20, 1976 | P.L. 94-570 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Gerald R. Ford |
| May 25, 1984 | P.L. 98-300 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Ronald W. Reagan |
| October 21, 1992 | P.L. 102–428 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | George H.W. Bush |
| November 1, 1993 | P.L. 103–129 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | William J. Clinton |
| December 17, 1993 | P.L. 103–201 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | William J. Clinton |
| June 18, 2008 | P.L. 110–246 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | George W. Bush |
| February 7, 2014 | P.L. 113–79 | Template:Usstat | Template:USBill | Barack H. Obama II |