SERCA

Template:Short description SERCA, or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase, or SR Ca²⁺-ATPase, is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase. Its major function is to transport calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Function

SERCA is a P-type ATPase.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation</ref> It resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within myocytes.<ref name=":0" /> It is a Ca²⁺ ATPase that transfers Ca²⁺ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR.<ref name=":0" /> This uses energy from ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.<ref name=":0" />

There are 3 major domains on the cytoplasmic face of SERCA: the phosphorylation and nucleotide-binding domains, which form the catalytic site, and the actuator domain, which is involved in the transmission of major conformational changes.

In addition to its calcium-transporting functions, SERCA1 generates heat in brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Along with the heat it naturally produces due to its inefficiency in pumping Template:Chem ions, when it binds to a regulator called sarcolipin it stops pumping and functions solely as an ATP hydrolase. This mechanism of thermogenesis is widespread in mammals and in endothermic fishes.<ref name=Bal2020>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Legendre2020>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Regulation

The rate at which SERCA moves Ca²⁺ across the SR membrane can be controlled by the regulatory protein phospholamban (PLB/PLN). SERCA is not as active when PLB is bound to it. Increased β-adrenergic stimulation reduces the association between SERCA and PLB by the phosphorylation of PLB by PKA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> When PLB is associated with SERCA, the rate of Ca²⁺ movement is reduced; upon dissociation of PLB, Ca²⁺ movement increases.

Activity regulation of SERCA can also involve phosphorylation of SERCA itself by interaction with GSK3β. Phosphorylation of SERCA2a at S663 was shown to reduce SERCA2a activity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Another protein, calsequestrin, binds calcium within the SR and helps to reduce the concentration of free calcium within the SR, which assists SERCA so that it does not have to pump against such a high concentration gradient. The SR has a much higher concentration of Ca²⁺ (10,000x) inside when compared to the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration. SERCA2 can be regulated by microRNAs, for instance miR-25 suppresses SERCA2 in heart failure.

For experimental purposes, SERCA can be inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime.

SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and in rodent myocardium<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> by thyroid hormones. This mechanism may contribute to the proarrhythmogenic effect of thyrotoxicosis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Paralogs

There are 3 major paralogs, SERCA1-3, which are expressed at various levels in different cell types.

• ATP2A1 – SERCA1
• ATP2A2 – SERCA2
• ATP2A3 – SERCA3

There are additional post-translational isoforms of both SERCA2 and SERCA3, which serve to introduce the possibility of cell-type-specific Ca²⁺-reuptake responses as well as increasing the overall complexity of the Ca²⁺ signaling mechanism.

External links

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