Sabratha

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File:LY-Sabratha.png

Map of Sabratha

Sabratha (Template:Langx; also Sabratah, Siburata), in the Zawiya District<ref name="shabyat-2007">شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمىTemplate:Spaced ndashSha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya, accessed 20 July 2009, in Arabic</ref> of Libya, was the westernmost of the ancient "three cities" of Roman Tripolis, alongside Oea and Leptis Magna. From 2001 to 2007 it was the capital of the former Sabratha wa Sorman District. It lies on the Mediterranean coast about Template:Convert west of modern Tripoli.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The extant archaeological site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Ancient SabrathaEdit

File:Monnaie - Bronze, Sabratha, Syrtique - btv1b113188359 (1 of 2).jpg

A coin of Sabratha with the Punic name Template:Smallcaps

Sabratha's port was established, perhaps about 500Template:NbspBCE, as the Phoenician trading-post of Tsabratan (Template:Langx, Template:Smallcaps, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Smallcaps).Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp This seems to have been a Berber name,<ref name="CB">Septimius Severus page 2</ref> suggesting a preëxisting native settlement. The port served as a Phoenician outlet for the products of the African hinterland. Greeks called it Sabrata (Template:Langx), Sabaratha (Template:Langx), Sabratha (Template:Langx) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and also Abrotonon (Template:Langx).<ref>Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A9.7</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the demise of Phoenicia, Sabratha fell under the sphere of influence of Carthage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Following the Punic Wars, Sabratha became part of the short-lived Numidian kingdom of Massinissa before this was annexed to the Roman Republic as the province of Africa Nova in the 1st century BC. It was subsequently romanized and rebuilt in the 2nd and 3rd centuriesTemplate:NbspCE. The Emperor Septimius Severus was born nearby in Leptis Magna, and Sabratha reached its monumental peak during the rule of the Severans, when it nearly doubled in size. The city was badly damaged by earthquakes during the 4th century, particularly the quake of 365. It fell under control of the Vandal kingdom in the 5th century, with large parts of the city being abandoned. It enjoyed a small revival under Byzantine rule, when multiple churches and a defensive wall (although only enclosing a small portion of the city) were erected. The town was site of a bishopric.<ref>Francois Decret, Early Christianity in North Africa(James Clarke & Co, 2011) p83</ref> Within a hundred years of the Muslim invasion of the Maghreb, trade had shifted to other ports and Sabratha dwindled to a village.

Archaeological siteEdit

File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg

Archaeological Site of Sabratha

File:Theatre, Sabratha.JPG

Theatre, 2006

Sabratha has been the place of several excavation campaigns since 1921, mainly by Italian archaeologists. It was also excavated by a British team directed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon and John Ward-Perkins between 1948 and 1951.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Besides its Theater that retains its three-storey architectural backdrop, Sabratha has temples dedicated to Liber Pater, Serapis and Isis. There is a Christian basilica of the time of Justinian and also remnants of some of the mosaic floors that enriched elite dwellings of Roman North Africa (for example, at the Villa Sileen, near Khoms). However, these are most clearly preserved in the colored patterns of the seaward (or Forum) baths, directly overlooking the shore, and in the black and white floors of the theater baths. There is an adjacent museum containing some treasures from Sabratha, but others can be seen in the national museum in Tripoli.

In 1943, during the Second World War, archaeologist Max Mallowan, husband of novelist Agatha Christie, was based at Sabratha as an assistant to the Senior Civil Affairs Officer of the Western Province of Tripolitania. His main task was to oversee the allocation of grain rations, but it was, in the words of Christie's biographer, a "glorious attachment", during which Mallowan lived in an Italian villa with a patio overlooking the sea and dined on fresh tunny fish and olives.<ref>Janet Morgan (1984) Agatha Christie: a Biography</ref>

Erosion and weathering damageEdit

According to an April 2016 report, due to soft soil composition and the nature of the coast of Sabratha, which is mostly made up of soft rock and sand, the Ruins of Sabratha are undergoing dangerous periods of coastal erosion. The public baths, olive press building and 'harbor' can be observed as being most damaged as the buildings have crumbled due to storms and unsettled seas. As the most common building material in Sabratah, calcarenite, is highly susceptible to physical, chemical and biological weathering (particularly marine spray), the long-term conservation of the monuments is endangered.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Rising sea levels can also compromise the integrity of the site.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

This erosion of the coast of Ancient Sabratha can be seen yearly with significant differences in beach layout and recent crumbled buildings. Breakwaters set in the vicinity of the harbor and olive press are inadequate and too small to efficiently protect the Ancient City of Sabratha.

Modern SabrathaEdit

The city is home to Sabratha University. Wefaq Sabratha is the football club, playing at Sabratha Stadium.

As noted in the 2021 documentary The Beatles: Get Back, directed by Peter Jackson, the Sabratha Theater was considered as a possible location where the Beatles could hold their final live concert as a group (they instead performed their last concert on the rooftop of their Apple Corps headquarters).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

Sabratha has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). Template:Weather box

GalleryEdit

File:Romans-in-libya-circi-1950-001 6205513374 o.jpg

Part of the International Fairgrounds in Tripoli (under Italian rule)

PanoramaEdit

Sabratha excavation Panorama April 2004.jpg

Panoramic image of a part of the archaeological site
2006-10-14 Sebratha D Bruyere.JPG

Panoramic image of the theater of the archaeological site

Archaeological siteEdit

Nymphaeum Sabratha 01.JPG

Nymphaeum
Nymphaeum Sabratha 02.JPG

Nymphaeum
Seaside Bath Sabratha01.JPG

Seaside therms
Toilet sabratha 01.JPG

Latrines
Laternies Sabratha 02.JPG

Latrines
Agora Sabratha.JPG

Сouncil chamber
Curia Sabratha.JPG

Curia 4Template:NbspCE
Mosaic Peristyle house Sabratha.JPG

Mosaic in the Peristyle house
Mosaic Peristyle house Sabratha 01.JPG

Mosaic in the Peristyle house
Peristyle house Sabratha 01.JPG

Peristyle house
Peristyle house Sabratha 02.JPG

Peristyle house
Seawards bath Mosaic Sabratha.JPG

Seawards bath mosaic
Inscription Capitolium Sabratha.JPG

Inscription in front of the Capitolium, 2nd centuryTemplate:NbspBCE
Baptisterium Sabratha Apuleus Basilica.JPG

Basilica of Apuleus, Byzantine baptistery
Pylone Basilica Apuleus Sabratha.JPG

Basilica of Apuleus, Pylone
Flavius Tullus Sabratha.JPG

Fontain of Flavius Tullus at the Antonine Temple
Podium Antonine Temple Sabratha.JPG

Podium at the Antonine Temple
Portic Antonine Temple Sabratha.JPG

Antonine Temple
Podium Antonine Temple Sabratha 01.JPG

Podium at the Antonine Temple
Mausoleum of Bes (Sabratha, Az Zawiyah, Libya).jpg

Mausoleum of Bes, 2nd centuryTemplate:NbspBCE

The theaterEdit

Theater Sabratha 01.JPG

Theater in Sabratha city 2nd centuryTemplate:NbspCE
Thater Sabratha 02.JPG

Theater
Theatre of Sabratha, Libya.jpg

View of the Sabratha theater
Theater Sabratha 03.JPG

Marble facing on the wall of theater
Theater Sabratha 04.JPG

One of many ways inside of theater
Theater Sabratha 05.JPG

Inside ways of theater
Theater Sabratha 06.JPG

Ruins of theater
Theater Sabratha 07.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 08.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 09.JPG

One of the few entries to theater
Theater Sabratha 10.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 11.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 12.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 13.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 14.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 15.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 17.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 18.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 19.JPG

Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
Theater Sabratha 20.JPG

High relief, theater
Theater Sabratha 21.JPG

High relief, theater
Theater Sabratha 22.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 23.JPG

Plinth and capital of columns, theater
Theater Sabratha 24.JPG

Capital of column, theater
Theater Sabratha 25.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 26.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 27.JPG

Stairs to the stage, theater
Theater Sabratha 28.JPG

Theater
Theater Sabratha 29.JPG

The gate, theater
Theater Sabratha 30.JPG

Architrave and capital, theater
Theater Sabratha 31.JPG

Back side of theater
Theater Sabratha.JPG

The gate decor element, theater

MuseumEdit

Torso Emperor Sabratha.JPG

Torso of the Emperor Vespasian, or his son Titus. 1st century Museum courtyard
Mosaic Sabratha 01.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 02.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 03.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 05.JPG

Mosaic from theater baths. Museum."Salvom Lavisse" - "Washing it's well!"
Mosaic Sabratha 06.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 07.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Head Sabratha 01.JPG

Head. Museum
Satyr Sabratha.JPG

Marble figure of a satyr. From the Forum. Museum
Jupiter Sabratha.JPG

Bust of Jupiter. From the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
Concordia Africanus Sabratha.JPG

Bust of Goddess Concordia from the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
Candelabrum Sabratha.JPG

Marble candelabrum showing Orpheus and the animals. From Theatre Baths 3rd century Museum
Head Sabratha 02.JPG

Head. Museum
Decor Element Insula Sabratha.JPG

Decor element of Insula (house). Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 08.JPG

Mosaic. Museum
Mosaic Sabratha 09.JPG

Basilica of Justinian reconstructed in the Site Museum