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Template:Expand French Template:Infobox French commune Saint-Étienne ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Franco-Provençal: Sant-Etiève), also written St. Etienne, is a city and the prefecture of the Loire département, in eastern-central France, in the Massif Central, Template:Convert southwest of Lyon, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.<ref>INSEE commune file</ref>
Saint-Étienne is the thirteenth most populated commune in France and the second most populated commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Its metropolis (métropole), Saint-Étienne Métropole, is the second most populous regional metropolis after Lyon. The commune is also at the heart of a vast metropolitan area with 406,868 inhabitants (2020),<ref>Comparateur de territoire, INSEE</ref> the eighteenth largest in France by population, comprising 105 communes.<ref>Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Saint-Étienne (023), INSEE</ref> Its inhabitants are known as Stéphanois (masculine) and Stéphanoises (feminine).
Long known as the French city of the "weapon, cycle and ribbon" and a major coal mining centre, Saint-Étienne is currently engaged in a vast urban renewal program aimed at leading the transition from the industrial city inherited from the 19th century to the "design capital" of the 21st century. This approach was recognised with the entry of Saint-Étienne into the UNESCO Creative Cities network in 2010. The city is currently undergoing renewal, with the installation of the Châteaucreux business district, the ‘Steel’ retail complex and the manufacturing creative district.
The city is known for its football club AS Saint-Étienne, which has won the Ligue 1 title ten times.
HistoryEdit
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Named after Saint Stephen, the city first appears in the historical record in the Middle Ages as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (after the River Furan, a tributary of the Loire). In the 13th century, it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Stephen. On the upper reaches of the Furan, near the Way of St. James, the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the Cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century, it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus.
From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie starting in the 17th century.
Later, it became a mining centre of the Loire coal mining basin. The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) was completed in 1830.<ref>Template:Base Mérimée</ref>
In the first half of the 19th century, it was only a chief town of an arrondissement in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of the Loire, with a population of 33,064 in 1832. The concentration of industry prompted these numbers to rise rapidly to 110,000 by about 1880. It was this growing importance of Saint-Étienne that led to its being made seat of the prefecture and the departmental administration on 25 July 1855, when it became the chief town in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and seat of the prefect, replacing Montbrison, which was reduced to the status of chief town of an {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Saint-Étienne absorbed the commune of Valbenoîte and several other neighbouring localities on 31 March 1855.
During the repression of January and February 1894, the police conducted raids targeting the anarchists living there, without much success.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":32">Template:Cite news</ref>
DemographicsEdit
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Étienne proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Saint-Étienne absorbed the former communes of Beaubrun, Montaud, Outre-Furent and Valbenoîte in 1855, ceded Planfoy in 1863, merged with the exclave Saint-Victor-sur-Loire and with Terrenoire in 1969 and Rochetaillée in 1973.<ref name=ehess/>
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CultureEdit
Saint-Étienne became a popular stop for automobile travelers in the early 20th century.
In 1998, Saint-Étienne set up a design biennale, the largest of its kind in France.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It lasts around two weeks. A landmark in the history of the importance ascribed to design in Saint-Étienne was the inauguration of La Cité du design on the site of the former arms factory in 2009.
The city also launched the Massenet Festivals, (the composer Jules Massenet hailed from the area) devoted mainly to perform Massenet's operas. In 2000, the city was named one of the French Towns and Lands of Art and History. On 22 November 2010, it was nominated as "City of Design" as part of UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.<ref>St-Etienne and Sydney nominated UNESCO Creative Cities , 22 November 2010.</ref>
Saint-Étienne has four museums:
- the Musée d'Art Moderne has one of the largest collections of modern and contemporary art in France
- Musée de la Mine
- Musée d'Art et d'Industrie (fr)
- Musée du vieux Saint-Étienne (fr)
Saint-Étienne has 38 Monuments historiques, 6 buildings labeled Architecture contemporaine remarquable (Remarkable Contemporary Architecture), 2 sites classés (Classified sites) and 5 sites patrimoniaux remarquables (Remarkable heritage sites).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimateEdit
The climate is temperate at the weather station due to its low altitude, but Saint-Étienne itself is much higher, above 530 m (1,739 ft) in the centre, as well as even above 700 m (2,297 ft) in the southern parts of the city. Saint-Étienne is very close to a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb); it is generally one of the snowiest cities in France, with an average of 85 cm (2.79 ft) of snow accumulation per year.
SportEdit
The city's football club AS Saint-Étienne has won the Ligue 1 title a joint-record ten times, achieving most of their success in the 1970s.<ref>"Ligue 1 : Le PSG égale l'ASSE avec 10 titres, les records en Europe", rmcsport.bfmtv.com (in French), 25 April 2022.</ref> The British indie-dance band Saint Etienne named themselves after the club.
Saint-Étienne has many sports stadiums, the largest being Stade Geoffroy-Guichard used for football and Stade Henri-Lux for athletics. St. Étienne was the capital of the French bicycle industry.Template:Citation needed The bicycle wheel manufacturer Mavic is based in the city and frame manufacturers Motobécane and Vitus are also based here. The city often hosts a stage of the Tour de France.
Saint-Étienne resident Thierry Gueorgiou is a world champion in orienteering. The local rugby union team is CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby.
TransportEdit
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The nearest airport is Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon Airport which is located in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, Template:Convert north-northwest of Saint-Étienne. The main railway station is Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux station, which offers high-speed services to Paris and Lyon (Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway), as well as connects to several regional lines. There are four other railway stations in Saint-Étienne (Bellevue, Carnot, La Terrasse and Le Clapier) with local services.<ref name=plan>Réseau TER et cars Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, accessed 30 May 2022.</ref>
Saint-Étienne is also notable for its tramway (Saint-Étienne tramway) – which uniquely with Lille, it kept throughout the 20th century – and its trolleybus system (Saint-Étienne trolleybus system) – which is one of only three such systems currently operating in France.
Bus and tram transport is regulated and provided by the Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise (STAS), a public transport executive organisation.
The bicycle sharing system Vélivert with 280 short term renting bicycles has been available since June 2010.
Colleges and universitiesEdit
- Jean Monnet University
- École d'Économie - Saint-Étienne School of Economics (SE²)
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE or ENSMSE)
- École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne (ENISE)
- Telecom Saint Étienne (TSE)
- EMLYON Business School
- ENSASE (École National Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Étienne)
Notable peopleEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Saint-Étienne was the birthplace of:
- René Diaz (born 1926), French journalist and illustrator
- Augustin Dupré (1748–1833), engraver of French coins and medals, France's 14th graveur général des monnaies
- Claude Fauriel (1772–1844), historian, philologist and critic
- Saint Marcellin Champagnat (1789–1840), Catholic priest and founding members of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers) who founded the Marist Brothers and was canonised in 1999
- Antonin Moine (1796–1849), sculptor
- Jules Janin (1804–1874), writer and critic
- Paul Jean Rigollot (1810-1873), pharmacist and inventor
- Francis Garnier (1839–1873), officer and explorer who explored the Mekong River, much to the surprise of the inhabitants
- Lucie Grange (1839–1908), medium, feminist prophet and newspaper founder
- Jules Massenet (1842–1912), composer, best known for his operas
- Paul de Vivie, aka Velocio (1853–1930), publisher of Le Cycliste, early champion of the dérailleur and father of French cycle touring
- Claudine Chomat (1915–1995), feminist and communist activist, member of the French Resistance during World War II
- Jean Bonfils (1921–2007), classical organist and composer
- André Bourgey (1936), geographer
- Jean-Michel Othoniel (1963), contemporary artist
- Bernard Lavilliers (born 1946) (Bernard Ouillon), singer
- Orlan (1947–), contemporary artist
- Willy Sagnol (born 1977), French International football player
- Jean Guitton (1901–1999), Catholic philosopher and theologian
- Thierry Gueorgiou (born 1979), Orienteering world champion
- Norma Ray (born 1970), singer
- Alexis Ajinça (born 1988), basketball player
- Sylvain Armand (born 1980), footballer
- Sliimy (born 1988), singer
- Aravane Rezai (born 1987), tennis player
- Loïc Perrin (born 1985), footballer
- Théophile Naël (born 2007), racing driver
It was also the place where Andrei Kivilev died.
International relationsEdit
Saint-Étienne is twinned with:
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See alsoEdit
- André César Vermare, sculptor of Franco-Prussian war memorial
- Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne
- Médiathèques de Saint-Étienne
- Saint-Étienne – Gorges de la Loire Nature Reserve
- Saint-Étienne Cathedral
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Cities in France Template:Préfectures of départements of France Template:Loire communes