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Samuel Hoar

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Hoar may be best known in American history for his 1844 trip to Charleston, South Carolina as an appointed Commissioner of the state of Massachusetts. He went to South Carolina to investigate and contest the laws of that state, which allowed the seizure of sailors who were free African Americans (often who were citizens of Massachusetts) and placed into bondage, if such sailors disembarked from their ship. Hoar was prevented from undertaking his appointed tasks by resolutions of the legislature and efforts of the governor of South Carolina, and was escorted back onto a ship by Charleston citizens fearing mob violence against the agent from Massachusetts. News of the thwarting of Hoar inspired anti-slavery political reaction in Massachusetts.

Early lifeEdit

Hoar was a born in the town of Lincoln, Massachusetts, and as an adult lived in neighboring Concord, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard College in 1802, and was admitted to the bar in 1805. On October 13, 1812 he married Sarah Sherman (1785–1862) of New Haven, Connecticut. Sarah was the youngest child of Roger Sherman and his second wife, Rebecca Minot Prescott. Roger Sherman was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Political and legal careerEdit

Hoar was delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1820. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1824.<ref name=AAAS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hoar served in the State senate in 1826, 1832, and 1833. Elected as an Anti-Jacksonian candidate to the Twenty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837), he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress.<ref name='S.Hoar-Bio Dir of US Congress'>HOAR, Samuel, (1778 - 1856) Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: 1774 - Present. Retrieved January 20, 2004.</ref> He was a Massachusetts delegate to the 1839 Whig national party convention.<ref>Hoar family of Massachusetts Template:Webarchive Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 14, 2007.</ref> Hoar was an expert on the laws pertaining to waterways, canals and maritime commerce.<ref name='Robbins-UUHS-Hoar'> Robbins, Paula The Hoar Family Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography. Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. Retrieved January 30, 2007. </ref>

Massachusetts commissioner to South Carolina, 1844Edit

There was an ongoing constitutional and legal conflict between the state of Massachusetts and the states of South Carolina and Louisiana regarding the seizure of Massachusetts citizens. South Carolina had enacted laws prohibiting the emancipation of slaves, or the entry into the state of free African Americans. South Carolina agents would arrest free African American seamen from Massachusetts, members of the crew aboard ships that arrived at South Carolina sea ports; if the arrestee or the captain of the ship failed to pay fines for the criminal entry into the state, the arrestee would be sold into slavery to pay the fines.

In 1844 the Massachusetts legislature authorized the governor to appoint a Commissioner to reside in Charleston, South Carolina and New Orleans, Louisiana, to collect information as to the number from Massachusetts citizens unlawfully seized in those cities, and to prosecute some of the suits before higher courts for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the laws under which the forcible seizures were being made. In 1844, Massachusetts governor George N. Briggs (Whig party) appointed Hoar commissioner to South Carolina.<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'> Template:Cite book </ref>

Upon receipt of the letter from Massachusetts Governor Briggs announcing Hoar's appointment, South Carolina Governor James H. Hammond promptly placed it before the South Carolina legislature, which issued several resolves, declaring the right of South Carolina to exclude its borders all persons whose presence might be considered dangerous; denying that free Negroes were citizens of the United States, and for the Massachusetts commissioner:<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'/>

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That his excellency, the governor, be directed to expel from our territory the said agent, after due notice to depart; and that the legislature will sustain the executive authority in any measures that may be adopted for the purpose aforesaid.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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The effective result was that Hoar was prevented from appearing before that state's courts to test the law. On his arrival, with daughter Elizabeth Sherman Hoar, in Charleston, December 1844, local citizens warned Hoar to leave town. Local leading citizens secretly escorted the Hoars out of their hotel, to a ship, in advance of feared mob violence.<ref name="Robbins-UUHS-Hoar"/> When news of this incident reached Massachusetts it aroused much ire, contributing to a developing sentiment in Massachusetts against slavery and in favor of abolitionism.<ref name="S.Hoar-Bio Dir of US Congress"/><ref>Governors of Massachusetts: George Nixon Briggs (1796-1861): Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1844-1851 Template:Webarchive Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 20, 2007. </ref>

Hoar in his report as Massachusetts commissioner stated:<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'/>

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Has the Constitution of the United States the least practical validity or binding force in South Carolina?
She prohibits, not only by lower mobs, but by her legislature, the residence of a free white citizen of Massachusetts within the limits of South Carolina whenever she thinks his presence there inconsistent with her policy. Are the other States of the Union to be regarded as the conquered provinces of South Carolina?{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Free Soil PartyEdit

Hoar was elected to the Massachusetts Governor's Council in 1845. In 1848 Hoar chaired the Massachusetts Free Soil Party Convention in Worcester, and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1850, at the age of 72.<ref name='Robbins-UUHS-Hoar'/>

Republican PartyEdit

In 1854, he chaired a committee which issued an announcement, summoning leading anti-slavery politicians and citizens to a meeting at the American House in Boston (July 7, 1854), to discuss the potential formation of a new party and to organize a state convention. Anger over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the issue of slavery in Federal territories were motivating factors leading to the subsequent convention in Worcester. The mass convention of 2,500 people, held in open air on the common in Worcester, September 7, 1854, founded the Massachusetts Republican Party, principally from members of the Massachusetts Free Soil Party, with a few Whig Party, and anti-slavery Democrats.<ref>Wilson, Leslie Perrin. Papers of the Legendary Hoar Family Template:Webarchive Concord Magazine, August/September 1999; retrieved December 1, 2006.</ref> The Massachusetts Free Soil Party in its Springfield convention, on October 17, 1854 voted to adopt the Republican candidates, and to merge into the new Republican organization.<ref name='NYTimes-MA Free Soil-1854'> Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1855, at the age of 77, Hoar was appointed chair of a Massachusetts Republican committee to organize mass assemblage or convention, to consider and promote actions might be taken by Massachusetts citizens against the pro-slavery violence in the recent Kansas elections (subsequently known as Bleeding Kansas), with the intent of unifying with all anti-slavery citizens of Massachusetts in national anti-slavery efforts<ref name='New York Times-1855-08-18-Page6'> Template:Cite journal </ref>

Leading citizen of ConcordEdit

Hoar was a co-founder of the first Concord Academy, which had a 41-year existence (1822–1863).<ref>This first Concord Academy is unrelated to a second Concord Academy, which was co-founded by his grandson Samuel Hoar (1887-1952) in 1922. The co-founders of the first Concord Academy were these leading citizens of Concord: Samuel Hoar (1778–1856), Josiah G. Davis (1773–1847), William Whiting (1788–1847), Nathan Brooks (1788–1862) and Abiel Heywood (1759–1839).</ref>

Hoar familyEdit

File:Sarah Sherman (Mrs. Samuel Hoar) 1783-1866.jpg
Sarah Sherman Hoar

Samuel and Sarah Hoar had five surviving children (of six offspring); several led influential or prominent lives.

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref name='New York Times-1907-07-25-Sara Sherman Hoar Storer'>Template:Cite news </ref>

  • Samuel Johnson Hoar (February 4, 1820 – January 10, 1821), died in infancy.<ref name='Samuel Johnson Hoar-Concord Library' >Hoar Family Papers, 1738-1958 (Bulk 1815-1935) The Special Collections (Finding Aid). Concord Free Public Library. Retrieved January 30, 2007.</ref>
  • Edward Sherman Hoar (1823–1893) (Harvard class of 1844), married childhood neighbor Elizabeth Hallet Prichard of Concord,<ref>Dall, Caroline Healey; ed by Deese, Helen R. Carol Healy Dall speaks in Concord, 1859 (See footnote 161 at bottom of page.) Daughter of Boston: The Extraordinary Diary of a Nineteenth-century Woman Beacon Press, Boston. 2004. Template:ISBN</ref> and was an intimate of Henry David Thoreau (the Thoreau family lived across Main Street from the Hoars, in several different houses over the years). Edward with H.D. Thoreau accidentally allowed a cooking fire to get out of control, and caused more than Template:Convert of forest to burn on April 30, 1844, along the Sudbury River in the Fairhaven Bay section of Concord. Edward accompanied Thoreau on some of Thoreau's hiking and canoeing excursions.<ref>Henry David Thoreau; (edited by Robert Sattelmeyer, Mark R. Patterson, and William Rossi) Journal 3: 1848-1851 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. 75-78 and Annotation 75.16-78.19.</ref><ref>Harding, Walter. The Days of Henry Thoreau, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 159-162.</ref><ref>The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: frequently asked questions. Template:Webarchive (Did Thoreau really start a major forest fire accidentally, and how old was he at that time?) The Thoreau Edition, Davidson Library at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</ref><ref>Felton, R. Todd. An Early Naturalist Burns Down a Forest Concord Magazine, Autumn 2006.

Excerpt from Felton: A Journey Into the Transcendentalists' New England. (Roaring Forties Press, 2006)</ref> Edward Sherman was a California state district attorney for the fourth judicial district in 1850. He returned to Massachusetts in 1857.<ref>Wheelright, Edward. (1896) "Edward Sherman Hoar." Harvard Class of 1844: Harvard College, 50 Years after Graduation Harvard College. (Cambridge Massachusetts)</ref> His extensive collection of pressed plants collected mostly from Concord, Massachusetts, including a significant number of specimens that Thoreau left to him, were donated by his daughter in 1912 to the New England Botanical Club herbarium housed at Harvard University.<ref>Angelo, Ray. (1984) "Edward S. Hoar Revealed", The Concord Saunterer, 17:9-16 (March 1984)</ref>

Other Hoar family members named Samuel HoarEdit

The Hoar family, a prominent political family in Massachusetts, has had a number of individuals named Samuel Hoar since the 18th century:

  • His father, Samuel Hoar (1743–1832), was a lieutenant of the Lincoln, Massachusetts company at the Concord battle on April 19, 1775. For many years a member of the Massachusetts General Court as a representative and senator, and a member in the 1820–1821 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.<ref name = "Hoar Family in America" >

Template:Cite book</ref>

  • Son, Samuel Johnson Hoar (February 4, 1820 – January 10, 1821) died in infancy<ref name='Samuel Johnson Hoar-Concord Library'/>

</ref>

Template:Cite news (via archive.org)</ref>

            • His son Samuel Rockwood Hoar (born 1988) is a graduate of the Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts and a graduate in the class of 2011 of Vermont's Middlebury College.<ref name = "SRHoar-Middlesex">

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref name = SRHoar-Middlebury> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

  • Template:CongBio "HOAR, Samuel, (1778 - 1856)"
  • The Hoar Family on Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
  • Samuel Hoar's Expulsion from Charleston, Old South Leaflets, Volume vi No. 140.
  • Hoar, George Frisbie. Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Volume III. (Boston, 1883) (A memoir of Samuel Hoar)
  • Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Lectures and Biographical Sketches (Boston, 1903) (On Samuel Hoar)
  • Robbins, Paula Ivaska. The Royal Family of Concord : Samuel, Elizabeth, and Rockwood Hoar and their friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson Template:ISBN. Pub. Xlibris. Philadelphia PA, 2003.Template:Self-published inline

External linksEdit

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